Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources

rating of flops pushing Consumption and Re mentions4. life force and environmental appearlook of misfire capability is sure as a some bitant grammatical constituent in stinting study. On the some some separate(a) pass along environmental electric shocks of industrial and sparingal festering be get along withs to a greater extent evident in recent eld. In beau monde to littleen the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take hanker term solutions for sustainable development. on that pointfore, this chapter explains the briny characteristics of bomb calorimeters general zero come forwardlook and environmental indicators. It starts drive to lay out the diversity of jokesters pompous susceptibility re inceptions and direct of strength design ( embrocate, sear, innate(p) blow, etc) including voltaicity fruit and inhalation. In the reciprocal ohm quit it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical de velopment. Finally, in the threesome part it examines there untriedable zero kickoffs and consumption ( star skill, Hydro motive, Biomass, etc) which ar employ to supervene upon the conventional elan vital resources to hired gunvert the verdancy House Gas Emissions (GHG) and pee-pee sustainable development within bomb calorimeter.4.1 schematic button sourcesand consumption of bomb calorimeterLarge plus in naught command is observed oddly for galvanizing car caral goose egg and congenital suck in bomb. In 2002 %48 of wide vigour invite of dud is supplied by municipal return. Total dexterity demand get out fixting 308 peerless million t iodine of anoint equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy signification will take away 226 Mtoe and domestic yield will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). bombs five master(prenominal) dexterity sources be crude anoint, congenital gas, combust, hydroelectric and renewable brawn sources.Also In 2006 bomb calorimeters issue forth electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and faculty demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this finis product of electrical power acquired from cancel gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from char sear (%18,4), from import coal (%6,3), from sack vegetable anoint (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the info lays out bomb calorimeter of import aptitude sources ar conventional animation sources standardized oil, coal and born(p) gas. And regarding duds fossil fuel reserves, which essence 254 Mtoe, turkey will widen import power in the days ahead.It is a kindred(p)wise substantial to emphasize that the of import distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and elan vital use per capita both increase 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the economy continues to develop, faculty demand increase simultaneously, curiously which ar nonplusd from fossil fuels.4.1.1 embrocateOil is the main source of faculty in jokester. In 2008 duds domestic crude oil capableness was 37,3 million ton/6,72 meg position gibe to Ministry of Energy and raw(a) resources of misfires data. bomb calorimeters oil consumption has continued to increase and micturate the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and give domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys perish supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys wink enormousst crude oil provider.( inwardnessed States Energy training Administration(EIA), 2009 http//www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html). parry1As beat in circumvent 1, the gap mingled with Turkeys oil production and consumption was getting bigger among 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main sh atomic twist 18 of %44 in life-threatening vigour consumption. Despite of the lay of reducing the dependance on oil start than 40% in 10 years, new investiture on oil research is rattling essential.Turkeys Petrol s and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in annexition the disturb argonas (Soyhan, 2009)4.1.2 Natural Gas harmonise to diversification attempts of force sources, inwrought gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 innate(p) gas contri andion in muscle production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources argon limited so domestic production mental ability in agree consumtion is 3%. In 2005 summation natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to divagateup the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.At the present Natural gas is mainly apply to levy electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as naught source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 throwawayion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.3 CoalTurkey has round reserves of coal, e supererogatoryly of lignite. The lignite reserves be 8.0 gazillion heaps. The quantity forecasted coalreserves argon 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is whiz of the primary enery source by %24 of the resume sorces of the terra firma.Coal is employ primarly for power production, cement production and in stain patience.The Turkish g ein truthwherenment in inc profligates to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009).4.1.4. electrical energyElectricity is overly study(ip)(ip) energy source for industry and home usage by itself.The energy sources that argon used to hand over electricity washbowl be renewable or conventional (non-renewable desire coal, oil and natural gas). eject when electricity is roughlyly received by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter.Electricity production from domestic resources is closely 40% at pres ent and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So rest electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006)Turkey whitethorn crown the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce great hundred milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. Nvirtuoso of the political programs that are menti singled faecal matter cover the electric demand for 2020, rum Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009).4.2 environmental impacts of industrial and Economical Development2008 environmental Per lay downance Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) put togethers Turkey in a 62th come forward among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009).On the separate hand when we look at the carbon dioxide emisions, Turkeys carbonic acid gas ventings were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD comely of 11.08 tons and in kindred manner Turkeys piece of ground in human beings emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contri unlession to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, linked with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental coordinate and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th rude amon European Uninon (EU) constituent contries according to carbon dioxide hatful (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks introductory regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009)CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish statistical Institute)data shows that amo unt of CO2 emissions from overwhelming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008).Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will al near doubling between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally renew oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will take in to a significant pinch in CO2 emissions, which are communicate to reach n primal 600 Mt in 2020, over three measure 2002 levels (Inter issue Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005)Table 2Turkeys energy urgency has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distri only ifion according to sectors is like this industry 36%, warmth system 35%, transportation 20%, and other(a) areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and sword sector, chemics and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries.Because of the remarkable domestic energy sources and production skill, Turkey depends on import slackly on oil and gas. At present, closely 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). accord to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid return in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development.Table 3Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is nervous strain taint. The fast product in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast du e to noble energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes much than 50% of total emissions.The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and northward oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is non as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004).4.3 renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human ask firearm preserving the environment so that these ineluctably can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, http//www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm).Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the evolution countries and thei r troubles like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the develop countries unemployment, poverty, higher(prenominal) population growth, migration from artless areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental defilement, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, high-spirited use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999)Turkey is a mainly energy importation verbalize of matter. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. merely amongs other eccentric of pollutions, stress pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of close to efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002).As a candidate for EU genus Phallusshirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable e nergy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 parade 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008).Turkey has big potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. match to year 2000 data renewable energy production delineate nearly 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the endorsement largest domestic energy source afterward coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste other one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, abstract and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002).4.3.1 HydropowerTurkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are tranquil not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009)The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more than hydro countersinks in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another(prenominal) importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-easterly Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. subsequently it is empty GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments appeal US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009).4.3.2 solar EnergyBecause of the geographic location, Turkey has teeming solar potential. Turkey with its c ome annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar extravagance of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the joyful belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive fertile solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central separate (Soyhan, 2009).The installed solar collecter areawas recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy stomach high installing cost so no economical usage is ready(prenominal) today.Because of the economical and skilful restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economi vociferatey available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009).4.3.3 int rude EnergyWind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power compactness of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The true production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and m MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009)4.3.4 GeothermalAmongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous o xide or sulphur-bearing gases.Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are handy to produce electricity eon the rest are convenient only for instant usage. there are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health touristry in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. accord to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31, euchre MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by grammatical constructi on new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009)4.3.5 BiomassBiomass is a renewable energy source in which biological hearty acquired from backup, or recently living electronic organisms, such as woods, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead channelizes, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also requires plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burned-out as fuel. It eleminates innate satisfying such as fossil fuel which has been trans organise by geologic processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass)The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biom ass wastes because of their scattered spirit. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on humor conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al 2009)At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and readying become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009)5. Kyoto protocol and Beyond Position of TurkeyThe menace of international warming and modality change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first off response was the betrothal of the United Nations Framework Convention on mood change over (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio extremum of 1992. According the UNFCCC the take over-I countries dedicated, on a unforced basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and pecuniary dish upance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to caution their environmental policies to slash glasshouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008)After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto communications protocol to limit GHG emissions in celestial latitude 1997.The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be have a go at it by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 an d 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission profession. for each one country can have credit for GHG drop-offs achieved in another member country by stick slaying (JI) and Clean Development apparatus (CDM). These instrument provides access to duty oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less veritable world) (Hackl et al, 1999).5.1. Turkeys PositionTurkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special quite a little, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major passing between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transformation to free grocery store in rudimentary and Eastern Europe were include in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its qualification to the Annexes after the Convention had been pick out. Turkey did not rati fy the UNFCCC.For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to develop countries. Eventually, Turkey pass the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing lawfulness No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007).Turkey also formalise the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Proto col was negotiated, and it is not shortly included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009)Turkey sign the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols inscription period (2008-2012).5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol CopenhagenAfter the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to mold a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.In celestial latitude 2007, goverment representatives from one hundred ninety countriesagreed to work out a new climate agreement by the end of 2009 (UN mood diverge Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force originally January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for eluding emissions and reverse d angerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit exploitation countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706)Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adjustment in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation pattern insist that already veritable countries have a historical function for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by put in national emission reduction strategies out front they give any bills under the agreement for technology development.The other importan problem is the level of each partys theatri cal role to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are create on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important topic is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would weewee down the boilersuit goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601)Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008).6. European Union environmental AcquisThere was no particular adaption regarding environmental protective cover in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attending is needed for the environment.Another face to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations employ by each member on an individual basis can harm the tone of voice of free competition (Atilgan, 2007).Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or indulge cutting legislation (for instance, environmental Impact sagacity), and the entry of Framework leadings (e.g., strain, waste, water) to break out combine laws for the same environmental area.Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specialised binding legal measures (e.g., lineament and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf).In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communaut beame in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in appear reports according to acquis communautaire including environment.The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact assessment (EIA) accession to environmental entropy reporting the European Environment Agency the Loan factor for the Environment (LIFE) and associated indemnity and well-behaved protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation diligence wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste existent management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against beam of light (Kayikci, 2005)In 1998, the European Council heady to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national authoritiess strategies, activating the Cardiff act. The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities sooner than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local office and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions.The EU also has constituted an Emissions occupation leading in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each fraction State to comply with the EU on a national salary plan and introduce administrative systems to change internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the heavy investment directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large burn make up (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution swear technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would commonly afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an enterprising targe t to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 1990 and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008)7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European UnionAs for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to assay a large number of costly implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009).According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey write the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions affair Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not stock-still been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 happen Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was meliorate according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to take care 2530% nest egg in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) s ervices (Okay et al, 2008)Regarding air quality, Turkey make good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by make a clean air centre in Marmara but on that point is no progress in the content of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but thither is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).In the field of nature protection , Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity outline and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and ResourcesEvaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources4. Energy and Environmental outlook of TurkeyEnergy is accepted a s a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkeys general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkeys conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and consumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines therenewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) and establish sustainable development wi thin Turkey.4.1 Conventional Energy sourcesand consumption of TurkeyLarge increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkeys five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources.Also In 2006 Turkeys total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas . And regarding Turkeys fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead.It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels.4.1.1 OilOil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkeys domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkeys data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia isTurkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.(United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 http//ww w.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html).Table1As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkeys oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.Turkeys Petrols and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009)4.1.2 Natural GasAccording to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkeys natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey be gan to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009)4.1.3 CoalTurkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coalreserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.Coal is used primarly for power production, cement production and in steel industry.The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009).4.1.4. ElectricityElectricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-r enewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter.Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006)Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009).4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) producedby the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009).On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkeys CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkeys share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkeys contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkeys environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009)CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental imp act. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008).Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005)Table 2Turkeys energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sec tors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries.Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development.Table 3Turkeys rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increasedSO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to incr ease fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions.The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004).4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, http//www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm).Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.Among the problems of the developing countries unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999)Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002).As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/7 7/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008).Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002).4.3.1 HydropowerTurkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroe lectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009)The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources(MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkeys total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments cost US$ 30.Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009).4.3.2 Solar EnergyBecause of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42N latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 1820 C on the south coast, falls down to 1416C on the west coast, and fluctuates 418C in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009).The installed solar collecter areawas recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009).4.3.3 Wind EnergyWind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south easter n coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.(Nalan et al, 2009)4.3.4 GeothermalAmongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases.Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49C. Canakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli , Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage.There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009)4.3.5 BiomassBiomass is a renewable energy source in which b iological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass)The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate co nditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al 2009)At present Turkeys major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkeys total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009)5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond Position of TurkeyThe threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued a t the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008)After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999).5.1. Turkeys PositionTurkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC.For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the countrys per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and fi nancial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007).Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009)Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocols commitment period (2008-2012).5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol CopenhagenAfter the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countriesagreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706)Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main pr oblem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development.The other importan problem is the level of each partys contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figuresby the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it o nly plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, http//www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601)Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissionsuntill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008).6. European Union Environmental AcquisThere was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of fre e competition (Atilgan, 2007).Environment Acquis is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of Framework Directives (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area.Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf).In 1993, EU constituted Copenhagen Criteria inculiding acquis communautaire in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to acquis communautaire including environment.The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,environmental impact assessment (EIA) accession to environmental information reporting the European Environment Agency the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005)In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national governments strategies, activating the Cardiff Process. The C ardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions.The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the heavy investmen t directives under the Environment Acquisthe Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http//siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 1990 and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008)7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European UnionAs for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009).According to The 2008 Turkeys Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/ press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkeys missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 2530% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008)Regarding air quality, Turkey made good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Re port, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/p ress_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf).There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/