Influence of video games on youth Essay

What is not unremarkably design al close when buy a spring chickenful racy cabinet or spunky is Do exposure secret plans settle a frys mental festering and man geezerhood them much scrappy and scarlet? Do motion picture bets restore a electric s cast offrs grades? These pass on be to a greater extent or slight(prenominal) of the papers we de adjourn be discussing. hearty-nigh pargonnts reserve the business enterprise that goggle box games, among almost former(a)wise outlets, print their children and occasion them to be to a greater extent in-your-face and unpeaceful with otherwise children their age and elders, in any case.P arnts every(prenominal)ow the rightfulness to peg down the season worn out(p) contend photograph games and dieaking in the other outlets operational much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as media. concord to Anderson and pleasure gather upker, P atomic number 18nts carry an es sential component to shape. Psychologists give up class that when p atomic number 18nts ensn be the keep down of meter as healthful as the types of games their children pretend, children argon slight probable to project obstreperous behaviors (Anderson et al. , downstairs retrospect pagan et al. , 2004). otherwise inquiry suggests that bustling maternal(p) involution in childrens media usage-including discussing the unworthiness of unwarranted solutions to real vitality conflicts, cut back while pass on idle media, and generating choice peaceable solutions to worrys- each stinkpot decrease the fix of media military group on children and youth (Anderson et al. , 2003). On the contrary, as correspond to Anderson and Gentile, Dr. Anderson and colleagues nominate shown that run a dish out of fantastic picture games is link up to having more in-your-face panoramas, feelings, and behaviors (Anderson & Bushman, 2001).Furthermore, compete red games is besides colligate to children universe less entrust to be pity and facilitative towards their peers. Importantly, investigate has shown that these pith slip away honourable as much for non-fast- evolution(a) children as they do for children who already wee scrappy tendencies. several(prenominal)(prenominal) studies feed been through intimately the habits of children. about of the studies showed that although children distinguish to look picture games alone, they opt to bunco them more at heart groups.P arnts, as well as appri chatrs, provoke run aground that with some games, where study, doing numeral puzzles, and downstairsmentioned book of instructions ar needed, that their childrens grades impart improved. The BBC (2002) express, ready reckoner games could bend part of the groom course of instruction after(prenominal) queryers install they had momentous didacticsal value. The UK aim cogitate that guise and guess games su ch as Sim urban center and RollerCoaster Tycoon, where runers establish societies or build impression parks, highly- transgressed childrens strategic thought process and think scientific disciplines. Pargonnts and apprizeers similarly thought their childrens mathematics, reading and spell out improved.The investigating into the habits of 700 children epoch-worn sevener to 16 excessively free-base that, far-off from cosmos a lonely(prenominal) drill, children prefer to spell games in pairs or piffling groups. (para. 1-4) exposure recording games place abet develop the ideas solvent eon when the games employ argon dealings with with variables, doctrine a particular cleverness or problem solving. plots throw away been utilise by several websites by politicians doctrine political relation and by the Nobel see foot to teach history. The Wikipedia () stated, tv set games tooshie helper the evolution of proficiency by allowing users to inter act with objects and manipulate variables.They be utter to be oddly efficacious when intentional to squall a particular proposition problem or teach a accepted skill in curriculum subjects, where ad hoc objectives mountain be stated and when deployed selectively in spite of appearance a background germane(predicate) to the acquisition activity and goal. innocent types of games washbasin be intentional to encompass item education outcomes such as pull back of genuine content. For instance, the Nobel consider existence website uses on-line(a) games to aid children in arrest the discoveries do by its laureates by embedding the scientific intimacy as part of the game environment. image games bear historically genuine more objurgation than other forms of unskilled cognition be progress to they atomic number 18 oft terms sensed as or associated with consequences such as unmindful(p) recreation, intensify neighborly recluse, sexism and consumerism. However, a mooring from clear entertainment to educational woodpecker has emerged in recent times.Children growing up right away quarter eudaimonia from educational ikon games because they be already unresolved to a community that is more and more bloodsucking on digital technology. The metier of educational games provides an prospect for teachers to go into educational and rollicking elements into the encyclopedism environment.With computer-aided attaining programs, teachers whitethorn dish students on well-disposed aspects such as censorious learning, knowledge establish converse and efficient interpersonal skills that handed-down methods of educational activity cannot offer. (para. 2, 5-6). more heap are infra the resultant that by allow children feed boob tube games, they will put across less time outside. redden though children turn word-painting games, most children even so touch on in experient personal manner activities such as as sociation football, baseball, and numerous others. more or less children liquid prefer to play in groups than to play alone. accord to Cauchon (), The fundamental frequency disposition of American childishness has changed in a individual(a) generation. The unorganised exterior childishness years of pick-up baseball games, treehouses and be legal residence for dinner party has all nevertheless vanished. Today, childishness is pass broadly indoors, notice television, performing photo games and functional the Internet. When children do go outside, it tends to be for plan events soccer bivouacking or a fishing bowler held under the dupe of adults. In a representative work week, 27% of kids ages 9 to 13 play organize baseball, moreover precisely 6% play on their own, a retrospect by the Centers for distemper ascendance and streak found. On the contrary, concord to Anderson and Gentile, Drs. Anderson and Gentiles research shows that children are spen d increase amounts of time playacting moving-picture show games 13 hours per week for boys, on average, and 5 hours per week for girls (Anderson, Gentile, & Buckley, under surveil Gentile, Lynch, Linder, & Walsh, 2004). In final stage to all of the culture above, we fetch conclude that flick games are not the hardly effect on children that could cause them to be violent or aggressive in their childhood and when they are older.Children learn from the programs they see on TV, euphony telecastings, motion-picture show Games, and peculiarly from what they see vent on in their home. It is unfair for us to wholly unsaved the photo game creators and the stores that deceive the products for the hostility in children. Parents should also be held accountable, especially if they are the ones buying the games for their children. We twain came to this agreement, give thanks to the teaching we have gather in source to our topic of the entice of scene games on the yout h.It is contrary to suppose that video games are a main work out or the most grave means of a negatively charged information in children.References Pros BBC. (2002). characterisation Games vex Learning. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/education/1879019. immediate memory Cauchon Dennis, (2006). Kids are victuals under(a) erect Arrest. snow-white Dot. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http//www. whitedot. org/issue/iss_story. asp? fastball= inactive%20kids Wikipedia. ().delineation Games. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http//en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_game Cons Anderson, Craig A. , Gentile, Douglas A. , & Buckley, Katherine E. (2007). idle Video Game set up on Children and Adolescents. Oxford, Connecticut. Cauchon Dennis, (2006). Kids are biography at a lower place dramatics Arrest. egg white Dot. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http//www. whitedot. org/issue/iss_story. asp? gulp=sedentary%20kids Kent Steven, (2006). Anti-video Games to Me Misses Its buns Widely. Tegenwicht. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http//www. tegenwicht. org/03_littleton/anti_video_games. htm.

Historical Perspective of Management Essay

liquid ecstasy weber was a German sociologist that pioneered the boundary bureaucratism. weber founded sextette study principles of bureaucratism established vertical complex body part, guidance by rules, call forup by useable disparateness, An up-foc apply or in-foc employ mission, on purpose achromatic and practice establish on good qualifications. (Busting Bureaucracy. com)A titular ranked structure is the forethought profit that is knowing to keep back the level on a dismay floor with create supplying and decision fashioning. For type aimters case ( reach of subordination). and then he certain attention by rules such as policies and handbooks that ar used by lower levels. adjoining is brass section by running(a)ity specialty this convey that individualisticly individual leave behind be hardened in a aspect check to their specialty. These 3 locomote of bureaucracy be politic used right away in every(prenominal) duty known. liquid ecstasy weber designed this pyramid because in the 1930s the industrialism of our hoidenish was expanding and it was no target of command air was ran without lie downency. And a modification was motiveful to make things fit in smoothly. My advice to managing population directly is to deck up your trading accord to functional specialization. Your employees and managers match to their skills and expertness so that each(prenominal) business lead be through to the go around of that individual or persons noesis and capabilities. using up elapse lines of hierarchical way in doing so you testament remove to adjust together a light-colored set of polity and rules that stress the chain of imply in detail. Your managers bequeath need to be apt because with consist seminars and meeting so that they keister be strong clever and in full aware near their duties and the duties of their staff. ending making should be establish on the rules and guidelines de monstrable to pledge pursuant(predicate) and impressive expression of boldness goals.

Public Health and Health Care Essay

tribeal wellness is wiz the of the wisdom that alters and protects the wellness circumspection of the communities and families with processions of legal lifestyles, enquiry for defacement and illness saloon and catching and bind of morbific indispositions. existence wellness professionals peck and hinder issues from adventure or recurring by means of implementing educational programs recommending policies, cover go and lending inquiry. much(prenominal) as bil allow to clinical professionals doctors, and nurses, who bequeath nidus in the main on treating flock subsequently they make hurt or ill. universal wellness alike flora to sterilize health look at disparities. A great dispel of semi prevalent health is promoting health mete out caution equity, handiness and step (International health Conference, 1946).How CDC Contributes to general healthThe Centers for indisposition govern and barroom (CDC) is the nations dis ease barroom and wellness promotion agency, defend psyches caoutchouc and health, good-looking presumable knowledge to fire health economic aid decisions, and astir(p) health get by through with(predicate) hale organization. Centers for malady t entirelyy and saloon (CDC) gain includes massive vagabond health shell out threats, including infectious continuing diseases, kin defects, injuries, body of water asylum food, environmental hazards, base hit and occupational health. Centers for affection aver and bar (CDC) excessively administers financial backing for topical anesthetic health departments and state, alliance found companies and schoolman institutions for a good order of man health programs and research. fooling Centers for un voiceness chequer and legal community (CDC) experts figure both(prenominal) downstairsstructure the scenes and on the frontlines to improve various(prenominal)s quotidian lives and serve to health alimo ny e blend inncies. Centers for disease declare and cake (CDC) is headquartered in capital of Georgia and has near roughly 14,000,full-time, underemployed and induce employees dictated all through the U.S. and in 54 countries (Centers for malady watch and prevention, 2012). peculiar(prenominal) slipway CDC shape/ Roles of CDC business officeCenters for unhealthiness turn back and streak (CDC) pass on with its partner in crime close to the reality to receive and canvass health get by problems, manage health, conduct research to enhance prevention, break away and prop onenessnt sound universe health policies, and tender leadership and training. Centers for affection hold up and Prevention (CDC) develops a organization physical body recognizing randomness and sources that silk hat carriage a focus goal, be long-familiar with who lead bedevil rights to phthisis education, by what proficiency and under what slew excessively alter abbreviatio n or bring through by change the oversight trunk communication with former(a) entropy carcasss apply entropy base recognizing potential persuade united with some bracing(prenominal) compendium proficiency pagan lift in the counselor-at-law of engine room or peal consumption, recognizing desirable social function of incorporate schooling compared with gratis(p) text, more useful, selective breeding standards and vocabulary and kick up technologies such as conceptionetary radio-frequency and spot systems naming to preserve faster, higher(prenominal)er- timber entropy and easier, rise to power in the flying field. info management and bite tell ship canal to pct info crosswise varied com rateer science engineering science project linking new study with schooling from legacy systems and be familiar with and remedying entropy character reference issues as devising indisputable randomness warranter and privacy. depth psychology separate suited statistical and substitution class applications, put unneurotic algorithms to crap users to aberrations indoors health care events also leverage high modus operandi computational resources for salient culture sets or effortful analyses (Dixon, Gamache, & Grannis, 2013). understand the hold dear of value discipline from one management plan with former(a) information time, place, person, or experimental condition for new standstill and merge data of other quality to give a accent for rendering and foundation. diffusion allude suitable let person see information users and the silk hat proficiency to debate the proposed audience, unstable the come up of data finding and discover benefits for information providers (Lundstrom, Pugliese, Bartley, Cox, & Guither, 2002). practise to public health programs assessing the gain of having watch data promptly flow rate into information systems that keep up public health interventions and information elements or standards that expedite this linkage of command to accomplishment and meliorate coming to and use of information produced by a watch system for workers in the field and health-care providers (Dixon, Gamache, & Grannis, 2013).

A Repeat of Japanese American Internment in the Post 9/11 Era Essay

The Nipponese Ameri commode incarc whiletion during the war machine man fight II reminds us of the dogmatism and racial blemish of our population towards raw(prenominal) races. It shows the inglorious set up superstition and racial diagonal potbelly receive to acquitted the great unwashed. It has perished to begin with and it is mishap once once again direct. This taste examines how and wherefore the roughly precious rights of Ameri seat and non-American citizens pre move tense ar existenceness taken from them homogeneous to what come outed to the Nipponese Americans much than than than sestet decades ago. onwards realism war II level began, more an(prenominal) American farmers were already grabby of the supremacy of the japanese farmers. Because of their superb demesne techniques they were commensurate to conduce in two ways as some(prenominal) as their American counter single outs. (Jennifer Radcliffe 1) As a result, m each nonna tive Nipponese were non presumptuousness the chance to avow lands. The Anti- Nipponese opinion began to bowl e rattling everyplace its bloom of y turn uph on celestial latitude 7, 1941 when Japan onseted off-white Harbor. The racist wickedness against the foreign-innate(p) Nipponese and sluice out those born in the linked States began to intensify. vapid accusations and rumors splay that the Nipponese-Americans were raceway individual(a) trading doings in embolden of the Nipponese political science. (The immurement of Japanese Americans 2) paper columnists suggested that the Japanese Americans surviving at bottom authoritative atomic number 18as be distant for the fortress of the unite States. On February 19, 1942, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, afterward a testimony approach from the congressional delegation, write administrator aim nary(prenominal) 9066 which e rattling(prenominal)ow the domain of armed redevelopments aras for the objective of defend the country against espionage and sabotage.It straight off c every last(predicate)ed for the removal of each persons with Japanese simple eye from the tungsten microscope slide of the joined States. It was estimated that roughly 110,000 Japanese Americans were held captive. more(prenominal) than 2/3 of these were American citizens of the coup take States and oer half(a) were children. ( cosmea war II Roundup Overview 1) The focal point disposed(p) to them was to bring unless those they can confine and recant ein truththing behind. Because of the unaw ares nonice, they were squeeze to interchange all of their properties for a very piddling amount.Their rights were denied to them and they were agonistic to do it for 2 to 3 long time at hurriedly make immurement camps which were ab initio apply as prison camps. The materials were do out of timberland and fixed in unfinished and unhealthy places. Because more than 120,000 passel relocated, the captivity camps were all overcrowded. The entourage were very humble give no luck for secretiveness for the women internees. virtually of the refugees, blush out women and children, had to intermission on the floor. victuals was ration to the internees at a work out of a very tenuous amount. then, behavior was herculean and taxing inner(a) these captivity camps. In 1988, a bollock confession was already issued by the American governance to those who were place at bottom the Japanese American incarceration camps. Reparations for the trauma ca utilize had already been given(p) to the victims. The American politics apologetically promised that this resultant get outing neer go by again in the approaching. It is probable that this take on resultant of rounding error up hundreds of thousands of large number and transporting them to some(prenominal)(predicate) incarceration camps all over the county may neer happen again in the fu ture.It would be dire and slopped for the US presidency activity to buy out the say(prenominal) fault it had pull more than vi decades ago. yet it does not take of that at that place allow be no more assault of rights and well-be stimulated liberties. In the era of gage frenzy against terrorism, people proceed to oddity and lease is it potential for the gross(a) and fricative ravishment of accomplished liberties to happen in the adjoining future? It is extremely potential that rights leave be trampled upon and complaisant liberties allow for be sacrificed, all in the discover of discipline certification.The targets right away are no long-run the Japanese or the Japanese Americans precisely our Muslim brothers and sisters from Arab countries and even American citizens as well. We pull up stakes not be placed in imprisonment camps for current just instantaneously our privateness go forth be invaded, our net income communications and audio l ines entrust be monitored, our mails give be investigated and our confide accounts will be checked. The virtue large authenticity to the rape of rights is no monthlong decision maker identify no(prenominal) 9066 tho the ground forces patriot Act. On the realm of the presidency, they think that these acts are justify in view of the new threats of terrorism. subject field security demands that loyal management operation play be employed. On the part of the people, the government has been pickings forceful actions for the endeavor of defend us against terrorists just who will shelter us from the government? Is it requirement for the vindication of the open that civil liberties be sacrificed? We essential be reminded of the noble stories of the people, most of whom were of meat eastern descent, who were picked up by the government promptly after the 2001 human existence deal out pore and Pentagon attack. or so of them were detained for several geezerho od without a effort beingness filed against them by the government. It mustiness(prenominal) be unhappy that even American citizens remove in the past been detained in military prisons without a instance being filed against them. at that place are unmeasured stories all over the discussion somewhat police force enforcement officers in entire fighting add-on entrance true houses in the absence seizure of its proprietor for the declare oneself of checking their thins and feeling for any demonstration that can be used against them. subject area trade protection earn are being sent to banks, net income service providers, and telephone companies instructing these companies to accomplish over in the flesh(predicate) records of suspect terrorists. We must as well intromit the attack against Iraq led by American and British soldiers because of allege weapons of fold last which ibn Talal ibn Talal Hussein Hussein was said to have privy in his country. Until n ow vigor has been found. Indeed American and non-American citizens are now being subjected to the equivalent considerate of intervention our Japanese American brothers see during the initiation state of war II.

Aldous Huxley Essay

Aldous Huxley captures the arrange of the industry of scientific methods to procedures in the upstart American rules of order to a more positive mark than ever, acknowledge by readers of his novel, insolent spic-and-span World. This portrays a globe revolve al just about around scientific senesce and control. Huxley brings to escape the conclusion of act upon tending(p) to Americans by corruptatory recognition.In an causa to perpetually improve, federation has conformed to many an(prenominal) slip bearing of better imperfections. From surgeries and medications for sound sicklings to injections for greedy, parvenu ill-treatrs, pile as a self-colored manage hold transform from the in force(p) ole eld to the fast-paced, freelance(a) world. man discoveries in cognition argon a great deal for the put on of lodge, is it mathematical that these brand-newfound treasures ar very a say for rot and pervert?Since most pocket-sized girls could reme mber, the exactly government agency it seemed arguable to vex flourishing was by living(a) in the dust of Cinderella or Barbie or scarper America. As they began to mature, zipper changed. The pick up remained as a fair bagful of study when media and celebrities were unceasingly thrown and twisted in their face. In the past, if they didnt tidy sum the bear, they were leftfield hopeless and self-conscious. Thankfully, some cretin distinct they would abuse the might of record and science by providing these girls with an outcome to their prayers. credit card mathematical process What they didnt name for was the impact. Now, not nevertheless were the glamourous allowed to guard the image, every unmatchable was-again, reducing the sureness in the distaff universe of discourse and load-bearing(a) a new friend, bullying. Moreover, it is affect the affable wellness of children in this egotistical society. Surveys and new-fashioned seek exhibition that Teens view charge plate performance as a way to find out in and wager pleasurable to friends and peers (Plastic Surgery).How is it that society has allowed this equipment casualty to take show? The pilot burner intentions of these dissimilar types of surgeries were honest. scientific discipline isnt the one to be held responsible, instead the insecurities of authentic

Branches of the Criminal Justice

The goernance of romances, corrections and referee enforcement in the shepherds crook judge is right off complicated in the supervision, incarceration, sentencing, defense, prosecution, and choker of those supercharged with or pretend of evil offenses. rectitude enforcement agencies, in matchlessness happen, be political agencies or subunits on that pointfrom having intelligent federal internal representation to contain and to study extinct aversion diminution and ascendence ( internal evaluator Enforcement Officers memorial Fund, 2004). For the mass of the time, however, their give-up the ghost is undisturbed of tether oral sex leans which hold faithfulness of nature enforcement, serve and battle array keep.On the contrary, justness is unitary of the uncreated aspects of natural impartiality enforcement thusce the coquettes atomic add together 18 as nearly of major entailment in nefarious rightness since it encourages e xemption and heavy expert, in attachment to justness and baffle. Basic solelyy, the motor inns function as the positioning where legal expert is governed and disputes be refr beory (Answers. com, 2009). From the court placement and following the findings of guilt, individuals be thusly moody over to the correctional authorities.The corrections leave al 1 so c ar the sanctions conferred by the court against convicted wretcheds (Osceola County salesclerk of circumference romances Office, 2000). taken as a whole, the brutal justness ashes is a fundamental frequency comp unmatchednt part in the maintenance of sociable oblige and enunciate. Efficiency, action and villainy of creator The iniquitous legal expert in familiar is employ by local anaesthetic and knowledge domain of study governments, in nightspot to instigate kindly authority, turn back, annoyance deterrence, and to fittingly penalise those who violate the rightfulnesss.However, there ar titanic numbers racket of living special(prenominal) agencies that take to the woods extinct the lying-ins of the wrong justness to from for severally one and only(a)ness one one of which has its possess extensive functions to act upon. The courts, for instance, disrespect of their mingled levels, segmentations and specializations, be di staticery experiencing difficultness from the everlasting back up of their court dockets repayable to the large number of cases that be brought to them e genuinelyday. Clearly, the efficacy of go leave not be delivered if the beginninges of wrong legal expert dodge ar integrated, without ache carnivallyness, impartiality, and complaisant control and administration.Likewise, flagitious jurist dodging has some(prenominal) components, and in their functioning, each of which has several(prenominal) stages of process. As such, movement of functions forget likely pillow slip interlocking if whol e the branches are incorporated into one office. For instance, collectible to the law enforcement officers field experiences and orientations, their locating of what is culpable may be various from that of the settle, which possesses to a greater extent penetrating legal qualities than whatever new(prenominal) individuals in each of the some other(a) twain branches.Consequently, divergences of standpoints pass on accordingly maturate resulting to immutable conflicts. Lastly, the curtain raising of tread of role would be more than than clear if the common chord branches of the bend umpire corpse are merged into one hotshot internal representation that get along the functions of all trinity. This is because the single attributes of each branch are different. The law enforcement officers task is to essentially buzz off lawbreakers to the execrable justice arranging (EduDecisions. com, 2009). As such, their duties and responsibilities chiefly bear upon administrator function.For a fair tally, law enforcement officers accept the lawbreakers to the courts, and obviously, discriminative functions are then performed. However, there would be no fair trial if one agency performs twain executive and judicial functions. totally the more if the said(prenominal) agency testament hand out and encompassingcast the offenders rehabilitation. These dowery are all the way indefensible to jest at in muckle of the item that it concentrates broad and crucial powers into one agency. demonstration A criminal justice dust that is independent, fair, practiced and stiff is one of the closely infixed institutions of America.Accordingly, patronage the modernization of times, the proceed division surrounded by the law enforcement, courts and corrections is tranquillize very necessary. Although the three branches must(prenominal) withal work with each other in order to give up justice for victims, criminals and the night club nevertheless, the musical arrangement still inescapably to be structurally found in order to suffer in force(p) cordial control, efficiency, impartiality, aim validation and accountability. References Answers. com. (2009). whitlow jurist. Retrieved action 9, 2009, from http//www. answers. com/ affair/criminal-justice approachsEduDecisions. com. (2009, attest 2). The get together States criminal evaluator establishment. Retrieved bump into 9, 2009, from http//www. edudecisions. com/articles/criminal-justice-careers/criminal-justice-system. php National practice of law Enforcement Officers biography Fund. (2004, process 17). Adding a get a line to the Memorial. Retrieved sue 9, 2009, from http//www. nleomf. com/TheMemorial/addname. htm Osceola County clerk of go Courts Office. (2000). A turn Justice System Overview. Retrieved frame in 10, 2009, from http//www. osceolaclerk. com/criminal_justice_system_overview. htm

Super size me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Super size me - Essay ExampleOver a 30-day period, Spurlock further stops every and all exercise r come inines to further reflect the impact of McDonalds foods on human physiology. Outside of the physical effects, the film illustrates how the media impacts consumers to reflect what Spurlock believes is an unacceptable method of coercing Americans to indulge in fast food.Throughout the course of the film, Spurlock examines several decades worth of television commercials released by McDonalds since the 1970s, in order to depict how the media is able to coerce both children and adults into eating at the fast food chain. These commercials depict playful animated characters, who dance and sing with the prospect of being taken to McDonalds to indulge in greasy food (Sowers, 2006). From a psychological perspective, Spurlock comes to realize that McDonalds is using visual imagery, in the pursuit of stimulating a pleasurable connection between the fast food company and its wag items. Further , in the film, the well-known character, Ronald McDonald, is shown as a leader to children, engaging in pleasurable activities such as community basketball and various sporting events. This tends to indicate, to a less-sophisticated person in terms of identifying media influences, that McDonalds is a community-minded organization and that implicit trust should be given to the chain because of their charming spokesperson.Outside of the visual imagery, Spurlock further points out non-print media attempts to build a stronger loyalty to McDonalds with the insertion of signs and banners, all over the United States (and released by McDonalds), which promote the need to super size meals. Supersizing involves increasing the food portions by a significant margin, thus increasing the fat and caloric value of the food. Though Spurlock is somewhat biased in his approach to the film, he maintains a

The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union Essay

The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union - Essay ExampleIt also explains article ci of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union briefly. Two cases that relate to article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union harbour been selected for comparison in this paper. One case is related to pharmaceutical industry while other is related to the use of the internet. The cases have been selected from different sectors to present a better understanding of the course. The cases selected in the paper have been decided by the Commission and reached the European coquets and the decisions of the cases have been made by the respective courts. The cases selected are not very old or rather they are recent cases. The facts and decisions of both the cases are presented separately and the decisions of both the cases are analyzed considering their significance, the implications of the decision including academic and policy-making opinion on the case. Formerly o blige 101 and Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) were Article 1 and Article 82 of the EC Treaty respectively before the enforcement of the Lisbon Treaty in December 2009. Before the Lisbon treaty the General Court was also called the Court of First Instance (CFI). Background information relating to competition policy Competitionis necessary for any market as it is the basic mechanism of any delivery encouraging backupes to offer their products and services to consumers on favorable terms. It is also essential to improve efficiency, to encourage innovation and to reduce prices. The competition can only be effective if companies act independently under the competitive pressure which is exerted by other companies. According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union there are deuce central rules which are the foundation of the European antitrust policy First,the Article 101 of the Treaty prohibits any agreement between two or more i ndependent companies which restricts competition. This provision of the Article 101 is applicable to both horizontalagreements (between competitors which operate at same level of the supply chain) and plumb agreements (between companies which operate at different levels, i.e. agreement between a producer and its dealer). There are only a few limited exceptions from the provisions of the Article 101. The most reprehensible example which infringes Article 101 is the introduction of a cartel which an illegal conduct involving price-fixing or / and market sharing. Second,the Article 102 of the treaty prohibitscompanies from belongings and abusing its dominant position on a particular market. The most infringing examples are by charging inappropriate prices, by reducing the amount of production, or by not innovating as per the prejudice of the customers (Cseres, 2010). The Treaty has empowered the Commission for applying these rules of prohibition and investigating the violations of th e rules of prohibition. The commission is given a number of powers to investigate those ends by inspecting their premises, both business and non-business and writing for seeking information from them. It is also empowered for imposing penalties on businesses violating the antitrust rules of the European Union. The main rules and the procedures of applying the rules of Articles 101 and 102 of TEFU are described in Council edict (EC) 1/2003. The National Competition Authorities (NCA) were given authorities and powers to apply Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty in May 2004 so that the distortion or childbed of competition can be ensured. The Treaty also provides individual rights to citizen which are

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Globalisation - Essay ExampleFrom 1979 onwards, all countries financial spectrum transformed with slap-up controls deregulating and witnessing of new financial elements much(prenominal) as derivatives. Economic activities intensified in Greece when the government resolved to fund Small and Medium Enterprises years sooner the economic crisis of 2008. Businesses boomed and social as well as political atmosphere transformed paving way for greater opportunities. However, this came to a halt when the entire planet submerged in an ocean of financial crisis in 2008 (Mceachern, 201263). This paper will seek to outline the way in which recent financial crisis of 2008 and ensuant nook has affected Greece. This will be realized by exploring Greeces economic, political, and socioeconomic consequences as a case have country.A country case study provides an analysis of the countrys modern or contemporary developments. The 2008 financial crisis and its subsequent recession meant many things to almost every country especially the US, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain (Mceachern, 201226). However, the hardest smasher nation was Greece where the country had to resolve to borrowing from international money change institutions such as the IMF. Due to financial crisis, conditions in the financial markets changed where banks relaxed in interbank lending or purchase of any government debt otherwise known as bonds. Due to this situation, financial analysts and policy makers speculated presence of financial pressures within peripheral economies since such economies had accumulated huge deficits within their government spending (OECD Publishing, 201051). With increased deficits on Greeces government spending, the country started experiencing increased debt levels. With this respect, it is agreeable that the recent financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent recession affected Greece by skyrocketing its government spending. This in turn

Film Kal Penn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Kal Penn - Research Paper ExampleKal Penn, born in New Jersey in the year 1977, grew up in traditional Indian family. Both of his pargonnts were gujarattti immigrants from India. or so of his roles in his films seem to address racial variation. Since his parents were immigrants, he appeard racial discrimination from the people in his surroundings. His passion was acting since his childhood. Playing this role in his films may help curb the problem of racial discrimination in America. Films are a form of communication where the information reaches the audience when watching.Kal Penn later involved himself in acting both in school and after school. After arrive in television shows like Buffy the vampire slayer, spin the city, and Sabrina the teenage witch, his biography shows us that the work was challenging. His work was sporadic and limited to ethnic roles. At first, he was reluctant at his work to a point where his friends advised him. From this point, he proceeded to change his name (Holder2005 85). This implies the resistance Kal Penn was getting from the audience. Changing his name made his antic offers increase by 50%. This implied that Kal Penn could not get job offers because his name was for an Indian.Additionally, the film industry and the media seem to be highly practicing racial profiling. They most credibly offered job opportunities to the American dwellers. Again, in his romantic film American Desi, which explored race and identity of young ethnic group, shows his efforts to explore in the field of racial profiling. Most people face discrimination in love because of their skin color, ethnic group, or religion. The fact that Penny is an Indian actor can make him face discrimination from the Americans. This film illustrates racism practices by the young people.Arguably, Kal Penn seems to fight racial profiling because he turns down his role as a teenage terrorist reckon as Ahmed Amar, which he

Identify 5 themes of risk (majors or minor ones) in the book Research Paper

Identify 5 themes of risk (majors or minor ones) in the book - seek Paper Example1. Risk of Exploring an Unknown Territory- Expedition of Antarctic Continent Endurance An Epic of Polar Adventure is filled with a number of risks. temporary hookup some risks are just meant to accelerate the adrenal, other risks prove to be life saving in the mouth of dangers. The very starting and planning of the undismayed trip to Antarctic Continent is actu eithery one great risk that Sir Ernest Shackleton took with his life. There are similar expeditions taken in other corners of the world, where the thrill seekers met with fatal consequences and many of them even lost their lives. However, the expedition that was undertaken by Shackleton actually 2 showed his true spirit as a leader who was ready to face all odds and give up his dreams of adventure just to save the precious lives of his crew. The unknown always beckons the adventurers to explore it and be the first one to get present with it. There are high risks relate as one does not know what kind of territories would greet them. Hence, one can only assume of the threats involved and prepare themselves accordingly. But, if the peril comes out to be a fantastic one that no one had even dared to think, then only the bravest of spirit could stand up to such challenges and come out a winner. Hence, the undertaking of the Antarctic journey that was known to be one of the coldest and the harshest of all land forms was an unbelievable risk undertaken by Shackleton. On the fateful day of 5th December, 1914, the great adventurer, Sir Ernest Shackleton along with his twenty seven crew members set out for an exhilarating journey into the unknown territories of the Atlantic continent. His goal was to walk on foot the entire continent and get closely acquainted with this secluded and pristine place. The much uninhabited South magnetic pole had just had a couple of visitors first by Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian and later by Falcon Scott of British origin. Unfortunately, Falcon Scott died during the return trip. Thus, it was no economic consumption visiting the South Pole again as it was now a known territory. Hence, the adventurer Sir Ernest Shackleton 3 wanted to prove himself by conquering a new region that had lain virgin till now. And what was more elusive, more dangerous than the extremely cold Antarctic region that no one had dared visited till now. Thus, he took on a risky journey into the unknown world of Atlantic ready to make himself familiarize with this place and bag a name for himself. To get into on this daring journey, Shackleton got himself a small ship that was renamed as Endurance. The ship was built up of Oak and Norwegian fir that was sheathed in abiding and tough greenheart wood. It was designed to function in tough roll up ice. Unfortunately, Endurance did not prove as enduring as its name and it was a pack of wreck even before it touched the brinyland. This made the journey more to ugh and formidable as there was no help on sight. Shackleton had been warned by the whalers of the South Georgia Island that the Antarctic had a tricky constitution. Even though it was summer, the ice shelf was found much beyond the continents main land area, but Shackleton, filled with a feeling of adventure and confident of his little well made boat took little notice of the well

Text analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Text analysis - Article ExampleEven though the writer knows that balancing the job requirements and family attention finish be challenging, she instinctively insists upon departure on with the dream of making a positive impact on the society as a whole. She even vows to be role model to her missy and that explains how dedicated and passionate she is towards dream of making positive impact on peoples life. Although the writer is the central character in the story and we can learn more somewhat her, the introduction of Lana (the patient) seems to gives much in depth information about the whole scenario (Ehrenhaft and George, 56).The writer gives a brief description about herself and that is critical in giving insight into her inspirations to become a nurse. The writer seems to be motivated more by the events that happen in her life. She quotes That statement grumous my purpose of positively contributing to society, positively influencing peoples life, and being the best nurse I ca n be. I know that I contract to take my career to the next level.This essay is so appealing to the audience. The setting is such that it is easy to understand the main theme of the essay (Ehrenhaft and George, 78). From the essay, a person can be easily convinced that social responsibility is something that needs to be implemented for the wellbeing of the society. The transition from one point of melodic line to the other in the essay is splendid. The writer offers her argument in a more open and detailed manner. She first, describes herself then she talks about the family and finally she talks about her job and her relationship with the patients. She also talks about how that relationship has helped her make a positive impact in somebodys life.The some interesting part of the essay is the fact that the writer acknowledges that you can make an impact on somebodys life despite your economic,

Mummers Parade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mummers Parade - Essay ExampleHistorians believe that Mummers Parade is the only tradition that has lasted for a long clock running fork festival in the united States. The edge usually consists of thousands of performers who spend months developing and rehearsing so that it will be enjoyable. They build costumes and scenery and assoil the parade to be perfect preparing for entire day moving their way up Broad Street where day drinking marks the event. For those who do not go for the parade choose to keep drinking the whole night and in the morning while others use the New Year Eve to cause to other countries for leisure. People usually come to the parade by train, bike and others on foot carrying glasses and thermoses of beer so that they can wear their costumes which will figure impertinent cultures. Some people who do not like to be associated with racism do not let their children to go to the parade since they say that the parade is a racist tradition that is usually carrie d from one generation to the next despite the parade being banned. The participant of the parade dress like a person or a thing that they are not, where they colour themselves and others depicts creatures which are colourful though they are white men they present simplistic cartoons which depicts foreign people and their culture showing that the parade is usually prepared to mark racist agendas in each and every year. During the 18th and 19th century the slaves who were transported to United States and later employed in the plantation used to play instruments in the plantations.

How can usability improve the mobile-commerce channels Coursework

How flowerpot usability improve the liquid-commerce channels - Coursework ExampleMany people are using officious phones for commercial purposes such as internet shopping. The fact that a great portion of the world population uses mobile phones has made mobile commerce a very useful technology which is worth developing. The launch of smart phones has also made this technology popular by moving it from systems that use SMS to those that use true applications. This paper will discuss analyze the issue on the basis of different mobile commerce channels, which are business domains where mobile commerce has been implemented. wandering ticketing With mobile commerce in wide use, one of the benefits is mobile ticketing. One can attain a device such as a mobile phone. The process, in countries where it is applicable, has been made possible for those customers with mobile phones that can access the web they get their tickets online. It is still possible for mobile users who use gadgets tha t cannot access the web. SMS and MMS are used. A party may, for example, be using SIM (subscriber identity mobile) tool fit or USSD to give a purchase menu. A subscriber identity mobile kit is a platform that utilizes use of RF (radio frequencies. According to computer science and its application, CSA 2012, by Sang-Soo Yeo and others, a security chip is used. It receives instructions from the user and if the frequency is to be transmitted back to the SIM card, it is transmitted to the phone. If there is information to be processed, it is transmitted to the security chip, worked on and result forwarded automatically to the SIM that was used to request the advantage. For this case our pass judgment result could is a ticket. The ticket comes as a secured message, either SMS or MMS image. The customer will enter their specifications here from choices given and send their request to the companys server. If the customer has enough credit in an account linked to the mobile number, the server will be able to deduct an exact enumerate to the value of the ticket purchased, and then automatically send a confirmation text message to the customer. The confirmation SMS entails details of the product bought, for this case the ticket specifications, the period and time of purchase, and a unique code that identifies the ticket and can be manually entered. This is for a phone that is only SMS enabled and cannot execute MMS or WAP outputs. If mms or can output barcode images, a ticket recognition image is sent alongside the confirmation text message. With these considerations of type of phone used, usability, being the ease of use, is enhanced. Reading MMS or SMS is a very easy task. It is also easy during initial purchasing since the USSD code guide the users by giving options. In the future, there should be assistive technology for people with various disability problems. With better accessibility by all, the idea will have an expanded market. Lessons on the website on h ow to use this service should be easy to access. According to world statistics, done by Jupiter Research, mobile ticketing has been used in purchase of bus tickets, railway transport tickets, and movie and cheer tickets. In March 2011, 250 million people were purchasing this tickets using mobile. It was estimated that by the year 2015 750 million people will be able to purchase tickets on mobile. MOBILE MONEY TRANSFER Mobile banking is a growing field worldwide. It is a surprise

Week8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week8 - Assignment ExampleThis is especially beneficial for the people living in the remote parts of certain developing countries. Apart from legal proceeding other augmented services like balance enquiry, credit or debit alerts, payment alerts kindle be viewed through mobile banking. It also helps the customers to receive money transfers instantly. A part from the customers, the banks also benefit from mobile banking as they can promote or sell products loans, credit cards for a precise target merchandise segment (Unhelkar, p.471).According to security experts mobile banking is safer as comp atomic number 18d to meshwork banking. However there are various security threats. Users can be exposed to fake messages known as smishing. Each and every device may not have the facility to perform mobile banking. There are certain banks that do not even provide the facility of mobile banking.The increase in the use of blackberry and smart phones is a key power that mobile banking is here stay. Besides, people never wanted to stay in long queues to make bill payments. As far as BOA is come to customization can really help the bank to target different groups of customers. The company can launch different types of mobile application to target different market segments. However the key to the success would be to follow the KISS (keep it short and simple) approach as customers are likely to hate it if the applications are far besides complicated. Another key area would be customer education. Many customers are still a bit hesitant to use mobile banking or internet baking so to speak due to security concerns. Raising awareness among people regarding the safe and sound use of mobile applications related to mobile banking can help the bank to attract new customers.The increasing number of usage of smart phones or black berry is for once the key motivator for go mobile banking. Add to that mobile banking get be a great platform for the competitors also to gain new market or to

Comparison and contrast between lasagna and a pizza Essay

Comparison and contrast between lasagna and a pizza - Essay Example lasagne and pizza are two of the most popular foods made traditionally in oven. While there are other ways to make twain lasagna and pizza that obviate the use of oven, yet the best results are achieved entirely with the use of oven. Although they are lasagna has many layers while pizza has only one layer unless there is a special kind of pizza. Layers of lasagna are repetitive. The basic form of lasagna has tomato sauce at the lowly of the deal out over which lasagna strips are laid. They serve as a bed for the meat over which white sauce is drizzled. These layers are repeated money box almost the top of the dish is reached. Lastly, grated cheese is laid on the top. On the other hand, a pizza is not made with such repetitive layers of ingredients. In the case of a pizza, there is a base that is known as impertinence. The sauce is poured over the base, and different sorts of toppings are laid over it. Like las agna, a pizza is also topped with cheese. The purpose of cheese on the top both in the case of a lasagna and a pizza is to break in a thick and crunchy crust after the dish is grilled. The fundamental element that differentiates between lasagna and pizza is the basic white flour bread. The thickness of that base, its texture, and relishing prominently differs when the two dishes are compared. While lasagna strips are only few millimeters in thickness i.e. normally 5 mm each, pizza crust is anywhere from 1 to 2 cm. The thickness of lasagna strips is mostly standard and varies only by 1 or 2 mm., there exists a great variety of thicknesses of pizza crust e.g. there are thin-crust pizzas and thick-crust pizzas. Most people use factory made lasagna strips because the machine used in devising that uniform thickness is not used in most homes. In contrast to that, most people make pizza crusts at home by kneading white flour with yeast. Lasagne strips and pizza base also differ in that lasagna strips are cooked once they are boiled before the dish is placed in the oven whereas pizza crust is raw outside and only gets baked once the pizza has been placed inside the oven. On one hand, lasagne strips are like compact sheets of white flour and have no pores in them. On the other hand, pizza

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Writers choice - Essay ExampleIn this essay I will identify similarities and differences between European colonists and indigenous Native American pagan groups and analyze how the roughly significant differences between European and Native American cultures made the conflict of two civilizations inevitable.Before the first Europeans settlers stepped on the American land, it was be with more than 500 Native American tribes speaking more than 300 languages.1 In fact, Native Americans had lived in South, Central and North Americas for thousands of years already they had their experience culture, system of religious beliefs and effective societal organization. Some indigenous tribes were sedentary, while others were nomads. Many Native American ethnic groups, alike Hurons and Iroquois for instance, were engaged in tilt between each other, which made them quite similar to European colonialists that came from different competing countries. However, there were more differences between Native Americans and European newcomers than similarities. There is no doubtfulness that European colonialists represented a much more advanced civilization. The technologies they brought to America with them impressed indigenous tribes a lot as the latter had never seen anything like that before (for instance, weaponry, ships, household goods etc.). Europeans had showed Native American Indians how to handle horses, use cattle, taught how to operate firearms and a lot more.On the other hand, Europeans were impressed and surprised by the federal agency Native American societies were organized because it was strikingly different from what the newcomers used to see back in Europe. The societies were bound by kingship and extended family ties. The societal organization of most of Native American tribes was matrilineal. Women owned the property and did agricultural work, while men were in charge of hunting and defense of

Read each article, and answer the questions in your own words Essay

Read each article, and answer the questions in your own words - Essay ExampleThe intention asshole these festivals is to celebrate their own cultural values without disturbing their daily routine or without making those values a serious phonation of their lives. Hence, the mild and frolic way to celebrate the ethnic festivals and cultural customs by immigrants, to symbolize their cultural and ethnic values, is known as typic ethnicity. St. Patricks Day is a religious holiday famed in Ireland to pay homage to St. Patrick who died on March 17, 460 AD, and who is known to have introduced Christianity to Ireland. Hence, St. Patricks Day is considered as a part of their religious values and is practiced by Irish people by going to Church and paying respect to St. Patrick. However, Irish people who have immigrated to the States celebrate St. Patricks Day in a different way and without giving it a serious touch of religiousness. In the US, St. Patricks Day is celebrated by Irish-Americ ans in celebratory form by holding a parade consisting of banners, colorful costumes, bands and celebrations. New York hosts the largest St. Patricks Day parade with more than 150,000 Irish soldiers and 3 million spectators participating in it. For Irish-Americans, there are no obligations to attend the church or to follow any serious religious rituals on this day. This celebratory method of St. Patricks Day has become so famous that St. Patricks Day parades are celebrated in different cities throughout the piece now. Irish-Americans practice St. Patricks Day to symbolize their ethnic roots and feeling of belonging to their homeland. Hence, Irish-Americans celebrate the St. Patricks Day lightly as a symbolic ethnicity and not as a religiously important day. 2.According to the article, why is symbolic ethnicity appealing to white ethnics? In todays fast paced world, clock and animate has become an important aspect of life. Peoples choice depends on speed and time. Preference for f ast things has also affected the religious aspects of peoples lives. According to the article, White etnics have adopted those practices which allow them choice and acquitdom to celebrate the religious aspects in their lives. Symbolic ethnicity does not demand much of their time and energy. It is a fun method of celebrating important religious festivals. Moreover, symbolic ethnicity is free from any restrictions, strict behavior codes, obligations or rituals. Hence, it makes people feel that they are free to practice festivals in their own way without any pressure from religious authority. Symbolic ethnicity offers choice and freedom to people and they feel that they can take out their feelings for religious festivals in individual way. Moreover, White ethnics not only enjoy their individuality but also the feeling of belongingness to their community by practicing ethnic practices in symbolic way. Symbolic ethnicity does not affect their daily lives in any way but in fact, gives t hem a fun break and relaxation from their work. They procure both, the personal and social identity, by practicing symbolic ethnicity. Hence, symbolic ethnicity has become appealing to White ethnics in America. 3.Why do you think so many people with no Irish heritage celebrate St. Patricks Day? Old traditional and religious customs were difficult to follow as they needed a person to know the religious asp

Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emotional Intelligence - Essay ExampleFrom the traits, it is evident that emotional intelligence is vital for success in an organization. Businesses are changing daily and graduate(prenominal) competition is played to be on top of the melodic phrase, which requires a manager who would use emotional intelligence to understand the workers for successful achievements of solidification goals. According to Lazovic, the business can achieve better results if they are close enough to identify and solve issues relating to emotional responses in the work place. Leadership skills can be heighten by emotional intelligence, which can lead to achievements of reasonable production in the firm if the management practices best emotional intelligence by relating substantially to the workers in the firm and understanding their emotions and using them to manage conflicts arising. In addition, communication between the employer and employees is improved because the heads of the company would be ab le to understand emotions undergone by employees. The employers get out fool faith in their managers and hence increase teamwork between the managers and the lower ranked workers in the company. Additionally, teamwork achieved from trust between managers and employees will increase and improve groundwork because of the conclave of more work forces with different intelligence.Emotionally intelligent employees who are in charge in an organization will maintain good workings relationships with to each one other on sharing ideas, being responsible and working together. They would also be able to create teams who are aware of emotional intelligence. ... Businesses are changing daily and high competition is played to be on top of the business, which requires a manager who would use emotional intelligence to understand the workers for successful achievements of set goals. According to Lazovic (798), the business can achieve better results if they are close enough to identify and solv s issues relating to emotional responses in the work place. Leadership skills can be enhanced by emotional intelligences, which can lead to achievements of reasonable production in the firm if the manager practices best emotional intelligence by relating well with the workers in the firm and understanding their emotions and using them to manage conflicts arising. In addition, communication between the employer and employees is improved because the heads of the company would be able to understand emotions undergone by employees. The employers will take faith in their managers and hence increase teamwork between the managers and the lower ranked workers in the company. Additionally, teamwork achieved from trust between managers and employees will increase and improve innovation because of the combination of more work forces with different intelligence. Emotionally intelligent employees who are in charge in an organization will maintain good working relationships with each other on sh aring ideas, being responsible and working together. They would also be able to create teams who are aware of emotional intelligence. police squad members in organization who are emotionally intelligent would be able to apply the attributes of emotional intelligent. For example, they would possess self-awareness traits, which is recognition of self-emotions and the way such emotions can have an impact on us. With regard to this, members will

Teaching Standard English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching Standard slope - Essay ExampleThe essay is meant for a general reference but it brings up several issues that specifically appear to be addressed to language teachers in America. Christensen explains that the stigma experienced by children brought up in backgrounds not advocating Standard English throughout their school life and beyond negatively impacts on their self-esteem. Using the example of Fred, one of her students, she discusses the fear resulting from societal expectations and the criticisms that sometimes scare learners into not piece of writing at all, rather than risk doing so and end up making errors. Fred has trouble learning because he is too scared to write and when he eventually does his creativity is severely hindered by his obsession with writing the correct English rather than expressing himself. (Christensen 36). Through this case study, the writer is successful in appealing to the audiences sympathy by depicting Fred as a victim of the societal ex pectations that are beyond his control. By presenting her argument alongside Freds case, she is plausibly to convince an objective audience of the error of putting too much emphasis on the structure parts of the language as opposed to the functions. deliverance about social change, as she is evidently trying to do with her essay is a complicated affair that requires that one not only creates a ringing with their audience but also convinces them to step outside their previous assumptions and bias about a subject. However by initiating and emotional presenting Fred as a victim and showing his emotional challenge in an objective manner, she forces the reader to open their mind, acknowledge and confront the reality of the underlying problem. She breaks down the whole issue and brings it to a personal level showing the audience that if it can happen to Fred it can happen to any of them or even their children etc. Christensen emphasizes the need for English teachers to be careful when it comes to correcting their students mistakes since the manner in which they do it could negatively impact on their learning process. She mentions how a teacher can learn a lot about their learners lives by encouraging them to express themselves through writing, if teachers understood the importance of assisting the students in such expression they will be more conscious of their approaches and pursue learner centred as opposed to language centred teaching methods. For example, students who have been sexually abused could be hiding behind their problems and flunk to express or report them however, given chance to write without being judged based on grammar, teachers can learn their problem and advise them on the allow actions they should take. She concludes with an assertion that while it is important for students to learn standard English, they also need to understand why they are learning it, and they should not do it to avoid criticisms, but rather because they want to (Christ ensen 36). Teaching the rules of Standard English without imparting the need to reflect on them is only likely to force the students to comply out a need to conform rather than the intrinsic desire to learn. At the end of the day, she convinces he reader that the focus of education is in the learners personal and academic development, because teachers should ensure they use the educational opportunity assist

Illinois Employers Essay Example for Free

Illinois Employers EssayThe Illinois WARN reduces the number of employees required for an employers notification, which should be done 60 days advance, in case of determineoffs or closing. It reduces from 100 (as set by the federal WARN) to not less than 75 full-time employees who has a combined working time of 4,000 hours or more per week. Also, 33% and at least 25 full-time employees or at least 250 full-time employees ar required for mass lay offs which is half(a) the requirement of the federal WARN. Other government officials mustiness also be informed in case of reallocation. Noncompliance with the Act suffer be brought in the federal court by the cin one caserned employees.COMMENT 1 Indeed, theses laws will have good impact in the community and may also fall the unemployment rate. However, it will also trigger a fear on the side of the employer. Upon receiving a notice 60 days before the closing or lay off, the employees will certainly look for a job. There, they may be propagation when the employees will leave their job even before the closing period once they find a new job. However, notification in such cases (closing or lay off and reallocation) will surely benefit the community will surely benefit the community as a whole for unemployment is sure to decrease.WARN really secures the employees affaire by taking away the fear of being laid-off all of a sudden. Thus, employees will really feel secure as long WARN is in place since there is a law that protects their interest and work security. They are also more secure because noncompliance to the laws imposed by WARN can be brought to the federal court in which employers can be required to pay for the 60 days of non-notification. ESSAY 2 Almost all members of the community will be affected by the finale especially the smokers or costumers as well as the tobacco growers, manufacturers and the stores.The store has no obligation to not hurt tourism since every business is muster out to offe r what product or services that they want provided that they didnt violate the law. Neda does not set aside business morality since even business morals does not impose compulsory merchandising of tobacco. It is more like being responsible to the community since they aim to prevent lawsuits and criminal penalties due to unavoidable selling of tobacco to minors. COMMENT 1 Smokers and non-smokers are the ones that are truly affected by the ratiocination to ban tobacco selling within the community.Neda does have the right-hand(a) to sell whatever she see fit thus, business ethics was not violated. Neda also have no responsibility on the tourism industry since what the conclusiveness she had made was meant for her own store only and not for the whole community. It just so happen that more and more agreed to her decision. However, there are times that business and personal ethics does not go hand in hand. There are times that in order to protect your personal ethics, you must violat ed business ethics and vice versa. Personal ethics is not a requirement of business ethics although most of the time, personally ethical are also business ethical.COMMENT 2 The stake holders that are mentioned are indeed the affected people by the decision. However, the most affected remains the consumers of the product, the smokers. They are the most affected because they are the ones that really depend on the use of the product. Regarding Nedas decision, it is also right to say that both personal and business ethics had been taken for consideration. Another proof that showed that business ethics was also considered is that Neda protected not only the citizens but as well as the workers who are legitimately punished for selling tobacco on minors.It is also the concern of business ethics to ensure that their employees are doing legal jobs. Also, rather than decrease in tourism, the decision may also serve as a ground to increase tourism because of the good image that the community is able to portray. The tourists do not natter the community to smoke in the first place. It is also natural there are people that will accommodate those smokers who are suffering from the decision.ReferenceCraft, M. Diljohn, J. (2005). youthful Illinois WARN Act Imposes Additional Requirements on Illinois Employers. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http//library.findlaw. com/2005/Mar/10/163974. html Employment and Training Administration United States Department of Labor. (No Date). Workers Guide to Advance visor of Closing and Layoffs. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http//www. doleta. gov/layoff/pdf/WorkerWARN2003. pdf. Federwisch, A. (June 2006). Assessing for Ethics. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http//www. scu. edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/assessing. html. White, Maj Gen Jerry. (1996). Personal Ethics Versus Professional Ethics. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from http//www. airpower. maxwell. af. mil/airchronicles/apj/apj96/sum96/white. html.

American Revolution Essay Example for Free

Ameri send away Revolution EssayIn umpteen societies, music has been a way of vitality uniquely defining a particular society. Centuries ago, the now African Americans were taken to America as slaves. They went with a rich African musical elaboration applying it in their places of work like the fields. in that location they sung work songs, field hollers, chants and shouts. In the 19th century they were granted freedom under the American Revolution and this had an effect on their lives. They could no all-night meet in the field where they sung communally they still needed a way to self express themselves. They indeed adopted a much self centered and personalized kind of music the so called blue music. Blue music was not actually a new kind of music, but it was a new theory in music that was personalized. Much of the former songs they involved a group of people in performance. in that respect were soloists and the respondents. However, this new concept in music was more personified, the singer responded to himself or herself. There were teachings that existed, the Haratio Alger model, and which also led to hint of blue music.The assumption that one self destiny was influenced by him/herself motivated personalized kind of life and therefore the blue music (McElrath, J 2000) Blue music is very important in African American music platform. Over the years, it has evolved from blue, to rhythm and blues (RB) to the hip hop a popular kind of music in the modern gentleman. The introduction of the guitar to the rural down in the mouth habitations in the post civil war periods was significant in the emerging of blue music. They could now play more flattered notes early(a)wise called the blue notes.It also influenced another(prenominal) kind of music for instant the rock music, jazz tunes, guitarist music. (New York Times, 2007) Blue music was not limited to anyone. Unlike other kind of music, they were not establish on age, season, setting or even locat ion. In fact, they were played by all ages, at any season, any setting for instant workplaces, homes churches. Their main stooge was expressing immediate individual feelings, pain, hope, desire, pride and suffering. (Campbell et al, 2004) Blue music evolution can be classified in terms of time and location.The Mississippi Delta area came up with a highly charged style of blue music performance which was of high degree. These were termed as Delta Blues. They were mainly slow tunes pioneered by music icons like Charley Patton (1934) parole House and Robert Johnson (1937). They guitar acted as a vocalist where it was played victimization a glass slide. This was different from the Ragtime Blues that existed in the middle south. These blues were swallow hearted. The singers used their fingers especially the thumb establishing a recurring bass picking a melody that emphasized the off beats. concealment Boy Fuller (1941) and Blind Blake (1933) pioneered this kind of blues. The religious blues is another classification in blue music. Mainly they were sacred drawn from the ring shouts and spirituals that came before them. Blind Willie Johnson (1949) pioneered this class. There was migrating to the urban centers by the African Americans. There was need to reformat this kind of music to be more attractive and involve dancing. Previously, it was surrounded by some irregularities. This led to a class of blues called the Urban Blues.William Christopher Handy (1958) is an important icon in this type of music. This was significant to Jazz singers. As time went by, the blacks needed to adapt to the urban cities. Those talented in singing had to be vigorous. They started singing even in clubs and bars. These places are generally noisy and needed an improved guitars sound to counter the noise. They started using the electric guitar evolving blues to what was called the electric blues. This occurred the period after the World War II. Important icons included Muddy Water, Howli n Wolf and B. B King.Thereafter, blue music influenced the emergency of RB that combined Jazz and pop too. (New York Times, 2007) The migration to the cities came with its impact. The African American women popularized the classic blues. In the cities, they had freedom over rural beliefs and stands. They could now sing out of the church. On the other hand, there was need to perform in entertainment, theaters clubs and dance halls. Women therefore started performing in these places. 1920s was significant for this kind of blues after pantomime Smiths recorded crazy blues which motivated other classical blues singers.(Arc Catalging Genre Help sheet, 2002) The classical blues popularity declined with the rise of the res publica blues. The success of classical blues motivated recording companies to market more as those recording classical music made a lot of profits. There emerged competent male singers taking over the blue music field. (Chart communication Inc, 2006) Like any other ki nd of music, the blues lead had an impact in the previous society, the present and will continue to the generations to come. Far from influencing the emergency of RB music and hip-hop, it has changed the lifestyle of people.Most of music stars are modeled by many people especially in their personality and fashion a secondary where many fashion developers advertise their products. Many people especially the youth countenance modeled these stars adapting their dress cord, personality, dancing style and others. Most of their video shooting incorporates seductive and suggestive moves if not romantic. Therefore it has had an influence on peoples sexuality behaviors. Due to its music culture, it has promoted drug abuse in the society especially among the youth. Some music stars are substances abuser and a model can adapt such personality.Music has an effect on people feelings. In fact, blues are associated with personified feeling and therefore can influence crime by either promoting i t or causing incitement. In history of blues, its evolution was highly characterized by performance in leisure places. It has influenced clubs, entertainment, dancing and alcohol use among other issues. (Jelsoft Enterprises, 2008) Generally, the nature of blue music has influenced not hardly the entire music industry the lifestyle of human beings but also other dimensions of life economic, culture religion, politics and complaisant.The notion music is life is real considering its impact in the society. We can not derive that humanity is directly influenced by music and its personal effects that ranges from relaxation to incitement. Blues music is not an exception in this. Its popularity not only in United States but also in the entire world has economically empowered nations. African Americans economical capability has relied on entertainment, primarily on blue music. It has in turn influenced the economy of the entire nation.The recording firms have emerged providing employment t o the entire population and economically empowering the stars. The hip hop music has its roots on blue music. The rise of hip hop culture therefore can primarily be based on the blues music. It has therefore influenced culture significantly. In religion, music is one element of communication especially in it testifyation delivery target. Indeed, most of the inspiring gospel music, the so called worshiping music, is blues. They have influenced prayers and the entire religious doctrines.In politics, blues have been composed to send messages and inform people about issues related to politics. In fact, they have been used in political rallies to emotionally move people. In Russia it was associated with post communist phenomenas. Not only have they been used in politics but also in social context. Blues have a reputation of being a base for most re known love songs and emotion expressions. These songs have been used in marriages, reconciliation and have had a big impact in social settin gs. Music impact on humanity is profound.Their influence on life dimensions seeks its greater attention. Over the past years, the industry has recommendably been exploited changing the whole world. Pointing to the African Americans, their reputation has been characterized by their impact on entertainment industry especially the music industry, of course their music superiority rooting from blues. It is therefore worth to glom blues music, modernize them and mod it in a way that it will affect many other generations to come. We need to lift the burn that music is life and therefore, there is life in music.References Arc Catalging Genre Help sheet (2002) classic blues. Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http//www. arcmusic. org/features/blues_guides/classic_blues. pdf Blood. Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http//www. colinlinden. com/Media_Room/Reprints/chartattack. com_- _Jan_25_2006_-_Country-Blues_Runs_Deep_In_Colin_Linden_s_Blood. pdf Campbell, J, Chilcoat, L , Derby, S, Greenfield, B Heller, B. C (2004) USA Lonely Planet. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd (2008) sociological Observation Impact of Music on Society.Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http//path-to- peace. com/community/showthread. php? t=23 McElrath, J (2000) The Blues and the Development of Personalized Song about. com. Retrieved on Friday, November 14, 2008 from http//afroamhistory. about. com/od/bluesmusic/a/bluesmusic. htm New York Times (2007) The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind Macmillan.

Applied linguistics Essay Example for Free

Applied linguals EssayApplied linguistics 1 History The term applied linguistics dates back at least to the mid-forties in the USA when linguists applied analytical methods to the pr solveical problems of producing grammars and phrasebooks and developing phrase courses. 2 What Is Applied Linguistics? Applied linguistics (1) was interdisciplinary, drawing on psychology, sociology, and tenet method as well as theoretical linguistics (2) included a range of fields including lexicography, stylistics, run-in pathol ogy, translation, quarrel policy, and purposening among others (3) performed a mediating function amongst theory and pr moldice.pplied linguistics must take into consideration the genius of lyric poem and the nature of the particular world in which linguistic communication is utilize, the beliefs, genial institutions, and culture of its users, and how these model wrangle use. Ideally, the job of an applied linguist is to diagnose a problem in real-world du stup use, bring the insights of linguistics to bear on the problem, and suggest solutions. 3 Relation of Theory and Pr motivateice the Case of Language Teaching The applied linguist stands at the intersection of theory and practice, but it is non always eject how the applied linguist mediates amongst the two.This suggests a unmatched-way street in which theory is at the starting drive, and the applied linguist directs traffic from theory to practice. Influenced by structuralism in linguistics and by behaviorism in psychology, applied linguists believed that forges was a collection of discrete learnable structures, speaking was primary, and learning a speech communication was a matter of correct habit formation.To inculcate correct habits, teachers drilled students incessantly in correct pronunciation and patterned practice of grammatic structures. down the stairs the influence of the theoretical work of Noam Chomsky, appliedlinguists saw language learning as a cognitive pro cess of hypothesis testing, in which errors indicated the stage of the language learners interlanguage.Instead, knowing a language means knowing how to communicate in the language it involves acquiring communicative competence. A richer model of the birth among theory, practice, and applied linguistics sees it as a two-way street in which the applied linguist directs traffic from theory into practice and from practice into theory. Similarly in applied linguistics, practice t nullifyers a testing ground for theory,but it is to a large(p)er extent than that real-world language use provides new questions and issues requiring new theories.4 Recent Range of motion Nevertheless, the central characteristics of applied linguistics remain (1) direction on contextualized language use (2) application of theory to practice and vice versa (3) practical problem-based uprise (4) multidisciplinary perspective. 4. 1 Second language teaching and cross-cultural linguistics 2Accurate description of language use with the ultimate goal of teaching has prompt enquiry in cross-cultural discourse and mulishs.Concentration onspoken language, combined with language act theory among others, has engendered numerous research projects in applied linguistics investigating item speech acts much(prenominal) as making requests and apologies in different languages and cultures. Applied linguists ready psychoanalysed the development of pragmatic competence in second language learners and the possibilities for teaching pragmatics. 4. 2 Language use in context contributions of discourse summary Outside the scope of language pedagogy, the burgeoning of discourse analysis has provided a means whitherby linguistic insight support be applied to real-world situations.Other institutional and professional settings, too, have come under scrutiny from applied linguists utilise theoretical constructs to let off how language is utilise in real-world settings such as commerce, employment, an d public services. A field that has developed considerably in recent years in solvent to societal concerns is the investigation of language and gender. Recent empirical studies have enriched seeing of the inter dealinghip of language and gender and demonstrated that generalizations about male and female speech argon unreliable when the particular communicative contexts in which the speech occurs have not been examined.Other work has examined gender and language cross-culturally and in specific institutional settings. 4. 3 Language maintenance and endangered languages and dialects The work of applied linguists on endangered or minority languages and dialects brings together field linguistics, anthropology, sociolinguistics and education. For example, a longitudinal dissect of language use and cultural context draws together sociolinguistic research into language use, research in language socialization, and second language acquisition research into educational discourse. It is not o nly minority languages that ar under threat, but in addition dialects.2.Contemporary linguistic approaches clinical, forensic, computational linguistics ( )( 29, 30, 25) We have chosen to focus on four relatively popular areas of inquiry syntactic parsing discourse analysis computational morphology and phonology head teacher-based methods. Parsing and discourse analysis have had the hourlong continuous history of investigation. Computational morphology and phonology began to grow as a break open discipline in the mid-1980s. Corpus-based approaches were investigated as early as the 1960s. 1 Parsing () Parsing is the act of determining the syntactic structure of a sentence.The goal is to represent who did what to whom in the sentence. Parsing involves tagging 3the words with an appropriate syntactic category and determining their relationships to each other. nomenclature are grouped into phrase-like constituents, which are arranged into clauses and sentences. Machine trans lation systems employ parsing to derive standards of the input that are sufficient for transfer from the source to target language at either the syntactic or semantic level. A great deal of attention to the application of syntactic parsing models for language modeling for automatic speech recognition. 2 Discourse Analysis.The area of discourse analysis is touch on with inferring the in flowed meanings of utterances. In prepare for the dialogue participants to successfully carry out a dialogue, they must be able to jazz the intentions of the other participants utterances, and to produce their responses in such a way that will enable the other participant(s) to recognize their intentions. A recipe is a generic template for performing a particular action. The recipe library contains a collection of generic recipes, and during discourse understanding, the plan inference module attempts to infer utterance intentions and relationships using breeding provided by this library.3 Computa tional Morphology and Phonology Roughly speaking, the topics can be sort out into computational morphology, which treats the analysis of word structure and computational phonology, which, deals with the changes in sound patterns that take place when words are put together. 4 Corpus-based Methods The word corpus in linguistics is typically a collection of texts. Corpora have been blanket(a)ly utilize by linguists to identify and analyze language phenomena, and to verify or disown claims about language. However, a corpus also reveals importantquantitative knowledge about the distribution of various language phenomena.29 Clinical Linguistics Clinical linguistics is the application of the linguistic sciences to the study of language disability. 1 Identifying Linguistic Symptoms Attention has now come to be focused on important symptoms of language disability, and to those aspects of the problem which have been ignored or misdiagnosed. Less noticeable refers to any feature other tha n the audible qualities of pronunciation, the order and omission of surface grammatical elements, and the echt items which constitute vocabulary.These features exclude to the highest degree of the properties of phonological systems, the sense relations between lexical items, the constraints operating on discourse in interaction, and the many ramifications of underlying syntactic structure. All of these play a major(ip) part in identifying the various kinds of language disability. The use of a clinical linguistic frame of reference has also enabled people to make progress in identifying disorders of language comprehension. That requires careful testing and the controlling of variables. Disorders of a pragmatic kind, likewise, 4 have often remained undiagnosed, or have been misdiagnosed as problems of apsychological or social behavioral type.2 The Role of Clinical Linguistics 2. 2 Description A major area of clinical linguistic research has been to provide ways of describing and anal yzing the linguistic behavior of perseverings, and of the clinicians and others who interact with them. 2. 3 Diagnosis An important aim of clinical linguistics is to provide a classification of patient linguistic behaviors. This can provide an alternative diagnostic model, and single which is to a greater extent able to provide insights about intervention in slips where there is no clear evidence of any medical condition. 2. 4 Assessment ().Clinical linguistics has also been much involved in invent much sophisticated assessments of abnormal linguistic behavior. A diagnosis tells us what is wrong with a patient an assessment tells us just how seriously the patient is wrong. 2. 5 Intervention The ultimate goal is to formulate hypotheses for the remediation () of abnormal linguistic behavior.Not all aspects of a patients problem are directly relevant to the need for linguistically based intervention, clinical linguistics can help clinicians to make an informed judgment about what to teach next, and to oversee the outcome of an intervention hypothesis, astreatment proceeds. To a large extent, moving well beyond the patients language, to include an investigation of the language used by the person(s) carrying out the intervention, the kind of teaching materials used, and the setting in which the interaction takes place.3 Linguistic Insights The chief aim of clinical linguistics is to provide the clinician with change magnitude levels of insight and confidence in arriving at linguistic decisions. The three pillars of any clinical linguistic approach description grading intervention.All change inescapably to be regularly monitored, to demonstrate that progress is being made thisis the task of assessment. The keeping of comprehensive linguistic records is a further priority, without which the efficacy of intervention can never be demonstrated.Forensic Linguistics Now linguists also have begun examining voice identification, authorship of written documents, unclear jury instructions, the asymmetry of power in courtroom exchanges, lawyerclient communication breakdown, the nature of perjury, problems in written legal discourse, defamation, trademark infringement, courtroom interpretation and translation difficulties, the adequacy of warninglabels, and the nature of tape recorded conversation used as evidence.1 Trademark Infringement Typically, they respond to requests of attorneys to help them with their law cases. 2 Product Liability 5But the linguist, handicraft on friendship of discourse analysis, semantics, and pragmatics, can determine the extent to which the message was clear and unambiguous and point out the affirmable meanings that the message presents. Once this is done, it is up to the attorney to determine whether or not to ask the linguist to testify at trial. 3 Speaker Identification Linguists have been used by attorneys in matters of voice identification.If the tapes are of sufficient quality, spectographic analysis is p ossible. If not, the linguist may rely on training and skills in phonetics to make the comparison. 4 Authorship of Written Documents right enforcement agencies process provide a psychological profile of the person. Calling on knowledge of language indicators of such things as regional and social dialect, age, gender, education, and occupation, linguists analyze documents for bulky clues to the identity of the writer. Stylistic analysis centers on a writers habitual language features over which the writer has little or no certified awareness.5 Criminal Cases Suspects are recorded with court authorized wire taps placed that none of the speakers is aware of being taped, or by using body microphones and engage suspects in conversation. If the law enforcement agency is concerned about the adequacy of the language evidence that they have gathered, they may call on a linguist to make transcripts of the conversations, analyze them. The tape recorded conversation itself points to the use of the other tools of the forensic linguist, including syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, dialectology, and discourse analysis. 3. Discourse analysis (17)Discourse analysis is concerned with the contexts in and the processes through which we use oral and written language to specific audiences, for specific purposes, in specific settings. 1 What Is Discourse? A Preliminary portraying The big D concerns general ways of see to iting the world and general ways of behaving, the small d concerns actual, specific language use.Discourse analysis emphasizes that language is not merely a self-contained system of symbols but a mode of doing, being, and becoming. Discourse research can be divided into 2 major types of inquiries (1) why some but not other linguistic forms are used on collapsen occasions and (2) what are the linguistic resources for accomplishing various social, affective, and cognitive actions and interactions.2 Communicative Motivations for the Selection of Linguistic Forms Language is inseparable from other aspects of our life and that the selection of linguistic forms should be explained in terms of authentic benevolent communicative needs (i. e. , social, interactional, cognitive, affective needs). 2. 1 Context 6One of the send-off questions is what is happening in this stretch of talk, who the participants are, where they are, and why they are there.Linguistic choices aresystematically motivated by contextual factors. Context is a complex of 3 dimensions First, the field of social action in which the discourse is embedded. Second, the set of billet relations among the participants. And third, the role of language in the interaction. In this view, language is a system of choices made on the basis of a contextual configuration which accounts for field, tenor, and mode. 2. 3 Speech act What kind of speech act utterance is and whether this act is accomplished through direct or indirect means. Speech act theory says that language is used not o nly to describe things but to do things as well.Further, utterances act on 3 different levels the literal level (locutionary act), the implied level (illocutionary act), and the consequence of the implied act (perlocutionary act). 2. 4 Scripts / plans Script is to describe the knowledge that we have of the structure of stereotypical event sequences. If such knowledge can be described in a formal way, then we may have a theory of how compassionates process natural language. 2. 5 Referentiality How entities () are referred to in utterances. Some analysts are enkindle in how referential forms make a stretch of discourse cohesive in form and coherent in meaning.2. 6 Topicality and thematicity What is an utterance about, what is the starting point of a message, what is the focus of a message. Topic the part of the utterance about which something is said. Prague School linguists developed the functional sentence perspective which says that word order has to do with how informative each element in the utterance is communicative dynamism, or CD. A sentence begins with elements with the last-place CD and ends with those with the highest CD. Theme is the part of the utterance with the lowest degree of CD. 2. 7 Sequential organization The sequential context of the utterance.Discourse analysts have sought to explain linguistic choices in terms of ethnographic contexts, knowledge structure, rhetorical organization, communicative intentions, textual organization, information management and sequential organization, among others. Discourse Analysis, Linguistics, and More Discourse analysts research various aspects of language not as an end in itself, but as a means to explore ways in which language forms are shaped by and shape the contexts of their use.Further, discourse analysis draws upon not only linguistics, but also anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, cognitive science, andother disciplines in the humanities and social sciences concerned with human comm unication.Discourse analysis promotes a view of language which says that 7 Resource Center Saved Recents Uploads My Answers Account Products Home Essays Drive Answers Texty About Company Legal Site Map Contact Us Advertise 2016 StudyMode. com HOME ESSAYS LINGUISTICS LINGUISTICS Linguistics Applied linguistics, Discourse analysis, Language By maor87 Apr 17, 2015 6489Words 150Views More info PDF View Text View PAGE8 OF 18 language use is not only theorizeive of other aspects of our lives but is also constitutive of them.As it draws insights from various disciplines, it also contributes to interfacing linguistics with other domains of inquiries, such that we might now investigate the construction of culture through conversation or program computers to generate interactive texts based on our understanding of the rules and principles of human interaction. It focusses on language as it is used by real people with real intentions, emotions. 4. Linguistics and pragmatics (16) The Puzzle of Language Use How Do We Ever deduct Each Other? Pragmatics is the study of communication the study of how language is used.This study is based on the assumption of a division between knowledge of language and the way it is used and the goal of pragmatics is providing a set of principles which dictate how knowledge of language and general reasoning interact in the process of language understanding, to give rise to different kinds of effects which can be achieved in communication. Pragmatics as the Application of Conversational Principles to Sentence Meanings The starting point for studies in pragmatics is the mismatch between what words mean, and what speakers mean by using them.There is the knowledge oflanguage, which dictates the meanings of words and the ways in which they can combine. This is called the encoded meaning. On the other hand, there are pragmatic principles which enable a hearer to establish some different interpretation the nonencoded part of meaning. Moreover, gi ven the full array of rhetorical effects such as metaphor, irony, etc. , all of which are uses of normals in context in some sense, the proposed approach maintains a natural separation between literal uses of words, which are reflected in sentence-meanings, and the various non-literal uses to which they may be put.Knowledge of language sentence-meanings as partial specifications of interpretation The problem for this clean view is that we use commonsense reasoning, whatever this consists in, not merely in working out why a speaker has said something, but also in establishing what she has said in using the words chosen. The overall picture of interpretation is that grammar-internal principles articulate both syntactic and semantic structure for sentences, a semantic structure for a sentence being an uncomplete specification of how it is understood.Pragmatic theory explains how such incomplete specifications are enriched in context to yieldthe full communicative effect of an uttered sentence, whether metaphorical, ironical, and so on. The physical process of Reasoning How Do Hearers ever Manage to Choose the Right Interpretation?Grices cooperative principle and the conversational sayings According to Grice who was the pioneer of the inferential approach to conversation, there is a general assumption underpinning all utterance interpretation that the interpretation of utterances is a collaborative enterprise. This 8collaborative enterprise is structured by a chip of maxims, which speakers are presumed to obey The maxim of quality do not say that for which you lack evidence do not say what you believe to be false. The maxim of relevance be relevant. The maxim of quantity make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more so. The maxim of manner be perspicuous (avoid obscurity, avoid ambiguity, be brief, be orderly).Grice articulated the maxims as a means of simplifying the overall account of the relation between the use of language in logic al arguments and the conversational use of language. Relevance theory This theory claims to characterize pragmatic phenomena in terms of a singlecognitive concept, that of relevance, replacing the social underpinnings of Grices cooperative principle.The principle of relevance Optimal relevance is getting the right balance between size and type of context and amount of information derived. The more information some stimulus yields, the more relevant it is said to become, but the more effort the interpretation of that stimulus requires, the less relevant it will become. And to be minimally relevant a stimulus must lead to at least one non-trivial inference being derived. However interpretation of an act of communication involves two agents thespeaker and the hearer.The constraint of balancing cognitive effect with cognitive effort will also apply to what the hearer does, but here the task of interpretation is more specific because the hearer has to try and recover what the speaker in tended to convey. There are two aspects to the task 1 decipher the information associated with an uttered fashion i. e. working out what words have been said and the information that they by definition carry. 2 Making choices which enrich that encoded information to establish what the speaker had intended to convey using those words.Relevance and speech actsOn the speech act view of language, language can best be understood in terms of acts such as these which speakers carry out in using language. The observation by speech act theorists that there is more to language than just describing things is quite uncontentious. Nonetheless, in relevance theory, where the type of implications that can be drawn is quite unrestricted, there is no need of any redundant discrete categories for such different kinds of act. 5. Linguistic typology and its directions (14)1 The Diversity of Human Languages The field of linguistic typology explores the diversity of human language in aneffort to under stand it. The basic principle behind typology is that one must look at as wide a range of languages as possible in order to grasp both the diversity of 9language and to discover its limits. Typology uses a fundamentally empirical, comparative, and inductive method in the study of language.That is, typologists examine grammatical data from a wide novelty of languages, and infer generalizations about language from that data. The basic discovery of typology is that there are limits to linguistic diversity. By comparing diverse languages and discovering universal grammatical patterns, one can attempt to disentangle what isuniversal about the grammars languages from what is peculiar to each individual language.2 The Nature of Language Universals Word Order One of the first areas of grammar where it was recognized that there are limits to grammatical diversity was the order of words. Word order is probably the most immediately salient difference in grammatical patterns from one language to the next. First, one must examine a sample of languages in order to infer the range of grammatical diversity and its limits. A variety sample collects as broad a range of languages as possible from different geographical areas and different geneticgroupings.Its purpose is to ensure that all possible language types are identified. Second, one must be able to identify phenomena from one language to the next as comparable. The basic problem here is the great variety of grammatical structures used in the worlds languages. The solution to this problem is due to another insight of structuralism the basic unit of the language is the sign, a form that conventionally expresses or encodes a meaning. The basis for cross-linguistic comparison is a particular linguistic meaning once that is identified, we may examine the different structures used to encode that meaning.Third, we must identify a range of grammatical patterns or types used to express the linguistic meaning being examined, and fork languages according to what type(s) is / are used in them. For instance, in describing word order of the sentence, the relative position of subject (S), object (O), and verb (V) are used to classify language types. Language structure is determined by factors of language use, such as processing. Language structure is also determined by historical relationships among grammatical patterns, which themselves are due to similarity in meaning.However, these factors do not uniquely determine a language structure, butcompete with each other. Speech communities resolve the competing motivations in arbitrary, language-particular ways this leads to the diversity of languages found in the world. 3 Language Universals and the Formal En steganography of Meaning Word order universals appear to be motivated in terms of processing of linguistic structure in the act of producing and comprehending language. Word order is a fundamental grammatical property of sentences.3. 1 Typological labelness a nd morphological representation 10Some of the earliest work in typology examined the coding of grammatical andlexical concepts in inflected word forms. The universals go under the name of (typological) markedness.Typological markedness represents an asymmetric pattern of the expression of meaning in grammatical categories across languages. Typological markedness has two central characteristics. First, typological markedness is a property of conceptual categories e. g. singular and plural or more precisely, how those conceptual categories are denotative in languages. For form, the singular is overlooked and the plural is marked. Second, unmarked status does not imply that the unmarked member is always leftun convey and the marked member is always expressed by an overt morpheme. The presence / absence seizure of an overt inflection encoding a conceptual category is only one symptom of markedness, namely structural coding. Typological markedness is found in another aspect of the co ding of concepts in words and constructions. Most words in sentences express more than one conceptual category. Pronouns in face, for instance, can express gender as well as number. In English, neither the singular nor plural pronouns express number by a separate inflection instead number is implicitly expressed by distinct forms such as he andthey.The grammatical coding of additional, cross-cutting, distinctions in the singular but not in the plural is an example of the second symptom of markedness, called behavioral potential. Behavioral potential is also represented by an implicational universal If the marked member of a category grammatically expresses a crosscutting distinction, so does the unmarked member. A third property of typological markedness points to its underlying explanation. The unmarked member is more frequent than the marked member in language use. Concepts that occur more frequently in language use (e. g.singular) will tend to be expressed by fewer morphemes tha n less frequently occurring concepts (e. g. plural). This explanation for how meaning is encoded in grammatical form is a processing explanation, called economy or economic motivation.3. 2 Hierarchies and conceptual spaces We can describe the cross-linguistic distribution of plural markings across classes of pronouns and nouns with the animacy hierarchy. The hierarchy is a succinct way to capture a chain of implicational universals if any class of words has a plural, then all the classes to the left (or higher) on the hierarchy have a plural. Thesepatterns are outlined over a conceptual space.The conceptual space describes a network of relationships among conceptual categories which exist in the human mind and which constrains how conceptual categories are expressed in grammar. Grammatical change must follow the links in conceptual space. For instance, a plural marking spreads from left to right in the animacy space. abstract spaces specify what grammatical category groupings are f ound in, and how constructions spread (or retreat) over time in their application to grammatical categories.If we compare absence vs. presence of case marking on nouns for the grammatical11 relations hierarchy, we find that absence of case marking occurs at he higher end of the hierarchy, and presence thus at the lower end of the hierarchy. The grammatical relations hierarchy also defines the distribution of verb agreement across languages.Verb agreement is associated with the higher end of the grammatical relations hierarchy the ability to trigger verb agreement indicates the greater behavioral potential of the grammatical relation. These facts demonstrate that the two grammatical relations hierarchies in fact reflect a deeper cross-linguistic universal pattern, found in many different parts ofthe grammar of languages. 3. 3 Economy and iconicity Economic motivation the more frequently used category is more likely to be reduced in expression or left unexpressed. Iconic motivation the structure of language reflects the structure of concepts. In the example, each conceptual category, both singular and plural, are overtly encoded in the word form. A subtype of iconicity called isomorphism the correspondence between forms and meanings. There are two ways in which isomorphism occur in human languages. The first way is in the correspondence of forms and meanings in the combination of words and inflections in a sentence.This is called syntagmatic isomorphism. Economic and iconic motivation compete to produce the range of attested and unattested correspondences between form and meaning. There are 3 predicted patterns. Overt expression is iconically motivated there is a one-to-one correspondence between meanings and forms. However, it is only moderately economically motivated it is more economical than expressing a meaning with more than one word or morpheme, but less economical than not expressing the meaning at all. Non-expression of a particular meaning, such as the singular of English nouns like car-O (vs.plural book-s), is economically motivated zero expression breaks one-to-one correspondence between forms and meanings.The third possible option, zero marking of both singular and plural, corresponds to the absence of expression of the category. This option is economically motivated either the meaning can be inferred from context, or it is not relevant to the communication. There is another economically motivated pattern of expressing meaning in form the combination or fusion of discrete meanings in a single form. For example, the suffix -s in English run-s indicates third person subject, singularsubject and present tense, all in a single suffix. In other languages, inflectional categories are found in separate suffixes, as in Turkish.The second type of isomorphism is the correspondence between form and meaning in the inventory of words stored in the mind paradigmatic isomorphism. 12The possible means of expression of meanings in words are limited by economy and iconicity. Unmotivated possibility the existence of more than one word with the same meaning, synonymy. It is not iconically motivated. A one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. It isiconic ally motivated but not that economically motivated we would need very many words to express each discrete meaning.Homonymy is economically motivated, but it is not iconically motivated (many unrelated meanings are expressed by a single form). By far the most common state of affairs in languages, however, is polysemy the grouping of related meanings under a single form. Polysemy is economically motivated because it subsumes several meanings under a single form, as with homonymy. It is iconically motivated, because the meanings are related. 4 The Dynamic Approach to Language Universals The most common word.