An analysis of how dikh (‘justice’) and its associated values are Essay

An analysis of how dikh ( referee) and its associated value arepresented and translated in two passages from Sophocles Electra. What broader issues are raised and how would these be investigatedfurther?The concept of dikh, or referee has many subtle meanings andvariations in Ancient Greek ranging from the primary definition givenin LS (Liddell and Scotts, Greek-English Lexicon, Intermediate,1889, page 202) of custom to right, judgement, lawsuit, penalty andvengeance. The OCD (Hornblower S, Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996,Page 469) consultation to Likh describes it as the, personification of legal expert and the daughter of Zeus that, reports mens wrongdoing toZeus.Sophocles rendition of the tragic play Electra forms a useful focalpoint for the analysis of how dike and its associated values arepresented and translated. As Kitto (Kitto, H.D.F, Greek Tragedy,1997, Routledge Page 131, Section 4) pointed out, this plays,central difficulty is a problem of dikh (Justice). The play itse lfexamines both the desire for justice by the children of the murderedAgamemnon as well as the careens of justice by his wife(Clytaemnestra for his murder). All of this takes fanny under thewatchful eye of Apollo, the God of both reason and prophecy, both ofwhich play a part in the story that is told.The first extract is that of the argument between Clytaemnestra andElectra (Sophocles, Translator Watling, E.F., Electra and otherplays, pg 84-56, lines 518-543) concerning her justification for themurder of Agamemnon. In this extract we are presented with aselection of references to justice and how Clytaemnestra explains howshe was right in her murder of her husband. At line 518 (Ibid.,) shecomplains at her portrayal as an unjust tyrant, presumably implyingthat she was not within her right or custom to kill him. Betweenlines 524-526 (Ibid.,) she says that justice and duty are tiedtogether and that her duty was to seek justice whilst Electra failedin this area. At line 535 (Ibid.,) sh e says, why should he not bebrought to justice for killing what was mine?. In modern terms thiscould be considered simple revenge, or dikhn. She is does not justifyher action because of tradition or precedent, purely because he tooksomething of hers. In lines 539-541 (Ibid.,) she argues thatAgamemnon love might ... ... study ties in perfectly with the idea of moral dilemmas, duty andespecially justice. In Electra we find our idea of our own valuesand those of the period to be challenged, this study may assist here.Williams. B, Moral Luck, 1981, CambridgeWilliams. B, Problems of the self, 1973, CambridgeWilliams. B, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, 1985, CambridgeWilliams work covered a wide black market of ethical and morals areas andhis research is relatively recent. Moral Luck, though not directlyrelated will almost certainly have a few useful ideas concerning fateand possibly justification.Plato, Translator Guthrie, W.K.C. Protagoras and Meno, 1956, PenguinBooksPlato discus ses the idea of virtue in great depth in the Protagorasand this could shed further light on the ideas of virtue, honour, dutyand possibly justice.Aeschylus, Translator Fagles, R, The Orestia, 1977, Penguin BooksEuripides, Editor Ferguson, J , Medea and Electra, 1987, BristolClassical PressAnother version of the story of Electra would be of great use,especially by other tragedian, in this case Euripides. This versionis written as more of a melodrama.

Plastic Surgery Essay -- Plastic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery

Have you ever considered having pliant mental process? After reading this paper you might want the surgery or you might non. pliant surgery, a form of art, freighter reconstruct your body and renew your confidence but can you accept the risks involved?Plastic surgery ranges from one- thousand dollars to three- thousand dollars or more depending on the surgery (Body fat reduction Suction-Assisted Lipectomy). There are plenty vitrines of plastic surgery. One type is called liposuction. The best candidates for liposuction are of relatively normal weight with pockets of excess fat in particular areas. They should be physically healthy, psychologically stable, and realistic in your expectations. An authoritative thing is to have firm and elastic skin. Loose, drooping skin wont reshape to your bodys new contours, and may require an supererogatory procedure to surgically remove the excess skin. It will leave visible scars (Liposuction).Before you decide to go through liposuctio n try diets and weight loss programs. If you cant loose a certain buldge then liposuction is a good alternative (Thigh Liposculpture). Liposuction is started by making a small incision, (about half an inch or less), in the skin, often in or near the buttock crease or a previous scar. The small suction rod, called a cannula, is inserted and connected to a vacuum source with a suction tube. The vacuum sucks the fat out and leaves everything else intact (Thigh Liposculpture). Usually the surgery takes about an hour or two, but the prison term required may vary considerably from thirty minutes to several hours, depending on the amount of work your having done. If your procedure is not too extensive that is, if no more than one and a half pints of fat and fluid will be removed liposuction can be performed under local anesthesia, which numbs the area, combined with a sedative to make you drowsy (Liposuction).A benefit of having liposuction done is that fat is removed and gone forever. It can offer a new shape for people who position it was impossible. Liposuction will not, however, prevent you from gaining weight in the future, and will not keep you fit and in shape. In order to assume good skin contour, you must(prenominal) be conscientious about wearing the support garments recommended be your remedy (Thigh Liposculpture).Does the fat come back? Fat cells are not though to regenerate, and ... ...ressed because she saw different women with breast and cleavage she used to have. So she decided to go through reconstruction. The danger of silicon gel was circulating widely so she went to a doctor that reconstructs breast from a womens own body fat (Nemeth, Mary). Reconstruction by using the womans own body fat is dangerous. First, the sawbones opens your abdomen and cuts through your muscles. They have to redirect your arteries and take the fat out. Then, the surgeon reconstructs their breast with the fat. As Carolyn Haltrecht said, It took me the whole summer to admit to myself that Im not very happy with the way I grimace and theres nothing wrong with plastic surgery (Nemeth, Mary). According to Marcia Angell, Polls indicated that the great majority of women with breast implants were pleased with the results (Angell, Marcia). In conclusion, There are many risks involved in plastic surgery. Although you look like you have always wanted to after plastic surgery, is it worth all the possible effects that could take place? Think hard before you make changes on your body.In short, you cannot meet the future if you look like the past (Neimark, Jill).

Automobile Racing :: essays research papers

Automobile RacingInternational competitiveness, testing the capabilities of specially designedautomobiles and the accomplishment of their drivers, over tracks and courses of differinglengths and construction, this is automobile racing. The first car raceconsidered is the one held in France in July 1894, in which the winner averaged24 kilometers per hour, when 100 automobiles set out from genus Paris to Rouen. Thefirst race in North America was held in Chicago, Illinois, in the year 1895.The excitement generated by the possibility of driving at higher(prenominal) and higherspeeds has made automobile racing one of the worlds study spectator andparticipant sports. Early races were held in two forms pure speed races and theothers tested engine reliability, which subsequently became known as rallies. Inrallies, cars attempt to achieve and maintain a set speed between points. Thefirst races were held on public roads, but with increase concern for spectatorsafety, special closed-circuit tracks were built for rally racing. The mostcommon racing track is a paved oval with banked corners, from 200 m to 4000 m inlength. The difference between road and track racing ultimately led also todifferent vehicle construction four major types of racing cars be now built.Pure racing machines, such as those used in Grand PrixFormula 1 and in Indycar,are built for top executive and endurance at speeds of more than 320 km/h (200 MPH). Inthe past stock cars used to be production automobiles modified for track racing,but are built now solely for the purpose of racing. Sports cars used for racing,such as rallies, may be either rebuilt production vehicles or pure racingmachines. puff up racers are cars built to accelerate rapidly to high speeds oververy short straight tracks, or drag strips, generally about 400 m (3 mi) long.The race most popularly associated with the sport is the Indianapolis 500, socalled because contestants must cover 500 mi (about 805 km) it has been heldannuall y on Memorial Day pass since 1911. With crowds averaging 400,000, itis the best-attended single-day sports event in the world. This year the Indy500 will not involve most teams from IndycarCART, Championship Auto RacingTeams, the regulatory body which is now creation opposed by the IRL, Indycar RacingLeague, whose owner also owns the Indy 500 track. The elite Grand Prix races areheld at various international sites, such as So Paulo, Brazil, and Johannesburg,South Africa, and through the streets of Monte Carlo, Monaco. Points scored bywinners of these races are totaled to establish the world champion driver.

Theories of Psychology Essay -- Psychology

1. Theories of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences in his book, Frames of Mind in 1983 (Smith, 2006). Initially, Gardner spoke of seven intelligences and later added both. The first two are considered fundamental and most revered in the public school system, they are Linguistic intelligence and Logical-Mathematic intelligence. Linguistic intelligence includes the cap mightiness to use, speak and get a line languages and words. Logical-Mathematic intelligence is the skill of working proficiently with numbers. Musical intelligence is the ability of performing, recognizing, and writing music. Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence is utilizing the mind and the body together to solve problems. Visual-Spatial intelligence recognizes patterns of space. interpersonal intelligence is the ability of understanding people. Intrapersonal is the ability to understand self. The final two that Gardner added in 1999 are, Naturalist, the ability to observe pa tterns in the means things are organized and Existentialist, the ability to understand spiritual and philosophical issues. Gardner also claims ?intelligences rarely operate independently?. (Smith, 2006)Interpersonal intelligence applies best to me because I am a very intelligent listener and I have the ability to identify and respond accordingly to various moods and temperaments. I am often referred to as the peacekeeper or mediator. The feelings of others are maiden in my thoughts and actions. I enjoy contributing to others personal development and well-being. (Smith, 2006)2. Problem solvingAlgorithm is a systematic approach such as formulas utilize in math. (Roberts, 2006)Representative Heuristics or a rule of thumb is when information matches prev... ...al and half environmental. Our environment was always a happy go lucky one, I never heard my parents argue or raise their voices to each other and I think that played a huge role in the way that I have viewed life and dealt w ith different situations over the years. (Roberts, 2006)ReferenceAmerican Heart Association., (2008). retrieved April 26, 2008 fromhttp//www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4545Smith, Mark., (2006). Howard gardner, multiple intelligences and education, introduction topsychology (pp.120-126). Kaplan University. unify States, Copley.Roberts, Melinda Ph.D., (2006). Personality, introduction to psychology (ch.11). Kaplan University. United States, Copley.Roberts, Melinda Ph.D., (2006). Thinking and intelligence, introduction to psychology (ch.10).Kaplan University. United States, Copley

Every School Should Require Uniforms :: Public Education

Every School Should Require UniformsI am a assimilator that has attended 3 schools and has never worn a uniform in my life. Although, I halt never experienced any issues with school uniforms, I have noticed a few issues that can be prevented from the use of a uniform. Uniforms, not only had they been proven to be helpful at school, but they ar also helpful at home.Parents spent couple hundred dollars per year on c messhing just to make their son(s) or daughter(s) meet the latest fashion. An medium shop favoured by many teenagers, such as International, sells a piece of clothing for around $40 each Parents can really find this bullion useful while paying bills. Uniforms are cheap, after my brother when my RH King, my parents had a lot of excess money to spend on me A veritable(prenominal) gang fad is to have a gang name, gang color, and other characteristics, that make them diverse.There is a possibility of rage due to an article of clothing. If a student is dressed up similar to a member of a gang, another student who is not in favour of that gang might computer program an attack towards that person. In this case uniforms can protect the safety of another. I believe if you compare a uniform school with a non-uniform school, youll see that violence is much popular in the non-uniform school. As stated above clothing can be quite expensive, how would one feel if their garment has been misplaced or stolen? A lot of students love to brag about their shoes, especially basketball shoes, when they first buy it. Basketball shoes are worth $120 on average, and not everybody in your school is positive. Envision you replacing your new shoe, with your old one for gym class. You return to the change room, and it has disappeared. That shoe had cost you a lot of bills, and now its gone This would have never happened if your school requires a uniform. Instead of bring your fancy shoe you would have brought your leather shoes, that matches your uniform. Uniform decreases the tote up of theft on school property. Uniforms make it harder for strangers to sneak in the school, because for sure theyll be the center of everyones attention. Every parent would like their children to be as safe as possible during school, with uniforms their children will be safe and secure at school.

Snakes, Facts and Falsehoods :: essays research papers fc

Hesson, 2With its long slender body the snake is probably the funniest shaped creature you will ever encounter. There are more benefits regarding this wonderful reptile that make it a high asset to the world. It has been said that people are always afraid of what is different, afraid of what they do not know. legion(predicate) of the rumored questions can be easily dispelled. From questions like what is a Thamnophis sirtalis, to where the extracting organs are located. First, let us dispel any of the rumors that are nigh close these guys. Despite popular belief, the snake does not swallow there young to protect them from harm the stomach would immediately take off to digest them. This myth came around from fear and adrenaline, but snakes cannot crawl faster than a human can run. The tongue of the snake is not a stinger, but actually a sensory organ. In addition, snakes are not slimy, because they do not secrete any kind of oil. Now that we have started uncovering the truth abo ut these reptiles, we can start with some facts. In the world today, there are about 2,500 known species of snakes belonging to more than ten families. In the U.S., there are about 127 species, with 38 species found within the U.S. (including five acid Hesson, 3ones). Most people wonder what will happen to them if they do happen to encounter a snake. get out I get bitten, is it venomous, will I die, is someone going to have to suck the poison out of the wound, is it trying to pop up me, should I try to kill him? A lot of things are happening at this point, more than likely the snake is incisively trying to defend itself. In addition, it has all the right to do so. First, you disrupted the snake, it did not disrupt you. How would you feel if A five to six foot thing with two legs and hair growing on it almost stepped on you and you were a only a half foot off the ground, you would be pretty shocked. More than likely, the snake is harmless. If by chance the snake is a venomous or dangerous snake just simply stop, and walk slowly away from it. Do not threaten it or try to kill it, just back away. With all this talk about confrontation and how to avoid the snake, it would make sense to mention what to stay on the look out for.

My Favorite Superpower

The three most fun and useful super powers would be the ability to time-travel, the ability of flight, and the power of invisibility. There argon many other super powers, wish super strength and underwater breathing but the three powers that I mentioned allow you to do incredible things, in particular when they are used together. Time travel would be fun for me especially because I am fascinated by history. Imagine having the ability to see what your finish looked like, 100, 200, 300 or even 1,000,000 years ago.Or imagine being able to see, in real life, famous events that you were always curious about, like the sinking of the Titanic, the expression of the Empire State Building, or famous battles from the American Revolution. It would also be useful because it would help me become an amazing historian. I would observe events that other historians could whole read about. The ability to fly would obviously be fun. Imagine being able to fly across a basketball court and dunk a bas ketball from 50 high Imagine flying up to the balcony of your apartment instead of waiting for the elevatorPlus, you could fly over the street and never hold in to wait for a green light. In these ways flying would allow you to save a lot of time. Invisibility would be fun, mostly for doing sneaky things like spying on people. It would also make you the best hide-and-seek player of all time. It would be useful because it would allow you to get into places that you couldnt otherwise strike access to. For example, you could invisibly sneak onto the field during a Yankee game or watch the game from inside the dugout. Nobody would even know that you were there.Not only(prenominal) are these powers fun and useful on their ownthey could also be used together for some really amazing experiences. Imagine having the ability to invisibly fly over a prehistoric gathering of dinosaurs. It would give you the perfect view of the action and you would be totally safe because none of the dinosaur s could see you. Unfortunately, I do not foresee ever having these abilities as I do not believe in genies and scientists are not even close to inventing the engineering that is necessary to make these powers possible.

African American Reconstruction Essay

?Reconstruction in the 1800s can have a lot of varied meanings. For more or less the reconstruction was the rejoining of the two sides that fought in the civil war, the North and the South. For others in govern custodyt it was the presidential reconstruction afterwards the death of Lincoln. Most importantly for some reconstruction mean fin solelyy being a free man with right and who could pick outr turnout and offer for his family. The African Americans were a big part of reconstruction, clean being freed by the passing of the thirteenth amendment which was adopted on December 6, 1865.This new law express Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party sh tot onlyy have been duly convicted, shall exist at bottom the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction. Being freed was a grade in the right direction for the African American, further anything not properly followed through with can end up undoing itself. U nfortunately for the African Americans in the south the progress towards freedom and citizenship and equality had hoped for took a terrible turn for the worse and most of their dreams were crushed.The north removing their multitude from the south to settle a trash over who would be president undid what the 14th and 15th amendment were set to do and with no enforcement of them and the tear in the mouth codes livelihood for the average African American remained one make full with difficulties and racism. In 1863 the emancipation declaration was written to give freedom to all slaves in the rebel states, soon following that the Thirteenth amendment was passed. This Thirteenth amendment took the emancipation proclamation one step further and freed the slaves wherever they may be.Now the mass of newly freed African Americans in the South had to face the difficulties of getting a life started while being surrounded by many angry white Southerners. It granted them their freedom, but did nothing to guarantee them with voting rights, benefits, or the same opportunities as their white countrymen. Imagine you spent your whole life surrounded by people who considered you less than a person. To them you were just a mass of living put that only had the brain capacity to do simple jobs.Once you received a certain document, that says you are a full human being with all the capabilities of others, do you think those people would instantly accept this change and consider you an equal in society? When the civil war came to a close, the White Southerners travel quickly to put an end to the African Americans newfound freedom. They wanted a way to return African Americans back to what they were before the war, which were slaves. In order to do this without getting in too much trouble from the north they had to do it in a way that seemed neutral and fair to all races.Anyone with common sense however could tell that these laws were passed specifically to limit African American s. These laws started out as what were commonly referred to as the black codes. These were a set of laws that were apply specifically to African Americans to help keep them in a form of slavery. Some of these laws were. No person of color shall migrate into and reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two freeholders as sureties. Servants shall not be absent from the expound without the permission of the master.Servants must assist their masters in the defense of his own person, family, premises, or piazza. No person of color could cause an artisan, mechanic, or shopkeeper unless he obtained a license from the judge of the district court a license that could cost $100 or more. These laws however didnt oarlock around forever and then the Jim Crow Laws were put into place. The Jim Crow laws stated that it is okay for African Americans and whites to be separate as long as they were equal. regular(a) the Supreme Court utter that Jim Crow Laws were constitutional even though the stuff that the African Americans got was so much less quality.For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them. This quote was stated by the name of Houston Hartsfield Holloway following the passing of the thirteenth amendment. Most of these African Americans didnt know how to be free and adapting to this new life was extremely difficult. These freewoman had to now face the difficult task of not only dealing with the racism of the white accompliceers living around then but too devour to get jobs.The freedman bureau was then created to try and help newly freed slaves get on their feet. The freedman bureau created March 3, 1865 main focus was to provide food and medical care, to help the freedmen to resettle, to ensure justice for the freedmen, to manage abandoned or confiscated property, to regulate labor, and to establish naturalizes. Now that it was legal for these newly freed men to learn, establishing school in which they could learn was very important. These schools would help them learn trades and skills to help them get jobs.While the freedmans bureau did not establish schools itself, it coordinated and helped to pay the activities of northern societies committed to black education. It is stated in the Voices of Freedom book written by Eric Foner that by the year 1969 only four historic period after the thirteenth amendment was passed nearly 3000 schools were established in the south. More impressive than that, these schools have more than 150000 pupils. The bureau was able to give former slaves most of the basics wish well food, shelter, clothing, and a way to make a living.Without being given the basics there is no way the African Americans would ever be able to take care of themselves and support their families. They needed help adapting to the new freedoms they were given, just as white men had to adapt to them being free, (although most of the time white men still treated them like dirt). The passing of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments helped to make great strides towards equality for African Americans. This amendment was the heart of congress reaction to Johnsons reconstruction plan and said that all people born in the United States are citizens.This upturned the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. In this suit it stated that persons of African descent were not citizens and therefore not entitled to constitutional rights. On top of that it also prohibited states from revoking life, liberty or property without due process of law. Finally it necessitate states to guarantee equal nurtureion under the law. All states were required to ratify it. It was of course to get some of the southern states to ratify a law like this that on top of giving freedom to African Americans would also give them civil rights.Just because the fourteenth amen dment said something, which did not mean that it would be enforced. The Military and Reconstruction Act of 1867 however, was passed to make sure that it was. The funny thing about this act is, on the very closing day of session for congress, and the congress that was currently fighting with the current president to the point where they tried to kick him out of bit overrode his veto and had it passed. The Ten Confederate States that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment were divided into five military districts.Each military district was put under the direction of a military governor let to appoint and remove state officials. Voters were registered, and suffrage was extended to freedmen. State constitutional conventions were called, and elected delegates were charged with drafting new constitutional provisions providing for black suffrage. Finally, states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before readmission. The congress didnt stop here however they later p assed even more military reconstruction acts. The new acts order military commanders to register voters, call conventions, and organize elections, rather than wait for state officials to act.In the face of recalcitrance from Johnsons executive branch and white southerners sweating to remove the law, Congress in July 1867 passed a third Reconstruction Act, declaring the existing state giving medications in the South illegal and subject to military control and the U. S. Congress. In an attempt to delay the creation of new state governments, some southern whites turned to a provision of the runner Reconstruction Act requiring that a majority of registered voters was incumbent to ratify a new constitution and called for a boycott of the ratifying election.On March 11, 1868, Congress passed a fourth and final Reconstruction Act that allowed a majority of those voting to ratify a new constitution, regardless of the size of the attendance. President Johnson, being the leader of this nation at the time, worked to delay and obstruct the army from enforcing these laws. The main job of the fifteenth amendment was to give the right of vote to any male of any race. Section two of this article also said The Congress shall have world-beater to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. This sounds great at first that the African Americans will not be able to vote with no problems. This, as good as it looked in writing, would ultimately fail in some places due to the terrorist threats that were places upon African Americans who planned on voting. During reconstruction African Americans were brandished political power in the south for the first time. Most of these men were those who either lived in the north or lived abroad, and were educated. Before holding political power most were either lawyers or teachers. Black political power was unfortunately short-lived.Northern politicians grew increasingly conciliatory to the white South, so that by 1872 virtually all leaders of the Confederacy had been pardoned and were again able to vote and hold office. The white men were able to take back the south by putting economical pressure on the blacks and by threatening them. One of the biggest ways in which the blacks were threatened was by the Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK. The Ku Klux Klan was originally organized in the winter of 1865-66 in Pulaski, Tennessee as a social club by six Confederate veterans.It started out small and was kept secret at first. When the Klan was first formed they had no violent intentions in mind. After they had a large amount of growth however it turned from a group of people into a terrorist organization. The Klan systematically murdered black politicians and political leaders. It beat, whipped, and murdered thousands, and intimidated tens of thousands of others from voting. The African Americans of course tried to fight back to this injustice at first but because they were outnumbered and had no guns, they didnt have a chance.A 103-year-old woman was whipped, as was a completely paralyzed man. In Georgia, Abraham Colby, an organizer and leader in the black community, was whipped for hours in front of his wife and children. The KKKs main objective was white supremacy but President Grant responded to their attacks. In the year 1868 Ulysses S. Grant ran for office and used the slogan let us have peace. After getting the fifteenth amendment passed, the Enforcement Acts were passed, which made it a crime to interfere with registration, voting, office holding, or jury service of blacks.Because of this new law over a 1000 members of the KKK who violated it and interfered were convicted. On top of this act to protect the African Americans there was also the Ku Klux Klan act. These new acts made it so it was okay for the government to interferer and help put a stop against terrorist acts. This act although it did help a little was not greatly enforced. In the year of 1876 was the presidential elec tion of Samuel J. Tilden vs. the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. In this election Hayes ended up winning the popular vote, but as furthest as electoral votes went it was a tie.This was a big problem and a hard decision to appease until there was the Compromise of 1877. This Compromise would swing the vote away from the Democrats and to the Republicans in return for the removal of all remaining troops from the south. It was on that day that the period of reconstruction would end and the reconstruction for African American would begin to go backwards in the south. Africans Americans were given a sliver of hope and promised to be free equal man just to have the government not follow up on its promise.With all of the troops now removed from the south there was no one there to help protect them or to enforce the laws in which gave them freedoms and rights. They never did go completely back to the way it was before the civil war, but because of how in those net couple of years segregatio n and discrimination could have been eliminated it is just as tragic. African American Reconstruction helped lay out a great pathway for African Americans to become truly equal and free men in the United Stated. Unfortunately because of their not being enough support from the government they would get to walk down that path to equality for many years later.

Automobile and Business Model Essay

?Introduction In 2000, Inspired by cable car- communion concept in Europe, groove and Danielson started Zipcar to pursue the opportunity of car sharing in U. S. market. By mid-October of 2000, Zipcar had enlisted nearly 250 members with 19 vehicles located throughout Boston. I will evaluate this potential venture and its progress based on the amaze of OUTSIDE1, including opportunity, uncertainty, team, strategy, investment requirement, deal and live on. Opportunity Market The market size of this application is estimated at 26,400 members, which is 0.04%2 of general population3 lived in Top 20 U. S. Markets. Usage of this industry ages rapidly at 30% annually. There are two competitors in U. S. market, but they focused on the environmental impact rather than convenience and address effectiveness. Customer Target segment are college-educated costumers who drive less than 6,000 miles per year and live in urban area. Acceptance of this business is very high referring to major players in Europe market, whose marketing investment in this industry is low but the growth rate is continuously high (30% annually).Uncertainties Competition Two authentic competitors in U. S. market and potential competitors from car manufactures Acceptance Customer acceptance is to be proved in Boston before the business model could be replicated to other cities Management team Co-funders commitment is not very convincing and the structure of the management is poorly organized Financing Overhead continues to grow against limited financial resources Team.There are missing pieces in its team as founders are lack of experience in operation and relationship with car manufactures As a co-founder, Danielson commits not enough as she still have full time job and focus more on family Strategy Chase keeps pushing to start business operation maintain their promise to investors although the company is not ready. This Strategy would have negative impacts in the future. Using technology plan to improve cost effectiveness and adopting word-of-mouth are consistent with its current situation. Investment Requirement.Zipcars cash flow requirement is very high. It spent $375,000 in first year, and select additional 1. 3 million to complete technology platform, prove the business model and better understand demand. Overhead excess the jutting and continues to grow, which will further increase the requirement of cash. Deal The current investors holds plenty of convertible loan, which would have negative impacts on future share holders. Exit The options for exit are available as this industry grows rapidly. The founders are not in a very strong position to potential exit.Business Model railcar sharing business provides a hassle-free ownership for urbanite who dont need to own a car but need the convenience to run periodical errands4. In the model before December 1999, its revenue comes from $25 application fee and $300 annual subscription fee, plus $1. 5 hourly whimsi cal charge and $0. 4 driving charge per mile. However, Chase decided to change the pricing model with a lower membership fee and a tiered pricing structure, increasing hourly charge to between $4. 5 and $7 and adding a maximum daily rate.The data from actual operations in kinfolk gives me a concern as seen in Exhibit 1, that the net contribution from actual operation in September is negative because of the very low revenue, though cost is only a little bit over the estimation. Conclusion The next step for Zipcar is to adjust its pricing model to increase its revenue. Chase need to pitch investors in Springboard forum by focusing on this Though its cash flow is negative now, Zipcar is a unique business model with cutting-edge technology and well-established customer base. Zipcar will provide a great chance for investors to be rewarded a new market with 30% annual growth. quote 1 This framework is developed by Professor Steven Kaplan from University of Chicago 2At The Wheel, Volkswag en Pioneers Car Sharing Programs, Fastlane, October 1997 3U. S. Census, http//census. gov/population/censusdata/90den_ma. txt, December 9, 2002 4According to the case Exhibit 1 Financial Plan in May 2000 September Operation Data Total Revenue 29,616 14,645 Number of Cars 12 19 Revenue per car 2,468 771 need per car 367 400 Access Equip 42 42 Fuel 90 99 Insurance 142 142 Maintenance 33 33 Parking 50 63 Cost per car 723 778 Net Income per car 1,745 (7) Source Company Data.

Communication and Professional Relationships with Children and Young People Essay

1. cope how to interact with and resolve to children and novel people.1.1. Describe how to inst entirely respectful, professional family relationships with children and young people.The starting point in working effectively with children of all ages is your relationship with them. Children who feel valued and who enjoy being with you allow respond mend. This center that they be more(prenominal) than likely to enjoy playing and go steadying and be far more likely to be retain well. The basis of forming a relationship with children is to consider what their gets may be and to adapt the way in which you work to meet these compulsions to suit the age or stage of development. You destiny to make sure that children are always able to turn to somewhatone when they are upset, disappointed or dealing with problems. They need familiar, friendly and supported faces. This means you need to be a easily listener.1.2. Describe with examples how to behave appropriately for a child or young persons stage of development.It is alpha that when you are communicating with children you take into account their stage of development.Pupils in foundation stage and KS1 These children are still rattling young and are still develop their communion skills. When speaking to them, ensure that you get down to their level and not towering over them, as this can be rattling intimidating for them. You need to give clear instructions and check that they understand fully. This age of children tire quickly and will not maintain concentration for long periods so it is of the essence(predicate) that they understand. They will as well need reminding that is grand to listen and take turns when speaking.Pupils in KS2This is the stage where their communion has progressed. They will be used to more formal communion and will be less self-centred. few may still need to be reminded ab divulge waiting their turn.Pupils in KS3They will know and understand diametrical ways in which w e can top. Teenagers may become more self-conscious about speaking in front of others and may get embarrassed more easily. It is important that they are given more time in groups to build up confidence.1.3. Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people.Disagreements will occur on a regular basis, many at break and lunch times, but similarly in the classroom. It is important that when dealing with a problem that you find out exactly what happened and hear twain sides of the story. They need to know that they have been heard and that their point has been put across. You will need to decide if one of them or twain were at fault, if apologies need to be made and if any further action is required, such as talking to another member of staff.1.4. Describe how own deportment couldpromote effective interactions with children and young peopleChildren always look up to adults and will take lead from adults about them. If we show good behaviour wherefore they will take that in. impact negatively on interactions with children and young peopleWe cant tell them to do something when we do not do it ourselves2. Know how to interact with and respond to adults.2.1. Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with adults.Most teachers accept that all children are unique and diametric, but sometimes they expect all adults to have the equal views as themselves. This is hardly the case, and you need to be ready to respect adults who have a different opinion or have a very different lifestyle. When you are able to do this, everyone benefits. Parents may feel able to talk to you more freely, while you may learn from colleagues who see things from a different perspective. You need to approach and respond politely, be committed to cooperative working.2.2. Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people.Children always benefit when the adults around them are able to collaborate. Parents are more likely to support you and share knowledge if you have developed a strong relationship with them. In the same way, children are more likely to get prompt support from professionals outside the setting if you have built a good working relationship with them. Children are also sensitive to the way in which you work with colleagues. They will notice the atmosphere and model their own behaviour on the way in which you work on each other.3. Know how to communicate with children, young people and adults.Very young children often arent able to express their thoughts and feelings in words, or express them poorly. Because of this, its important that adults working with them can listen carefully and help children to learn how to express themselves and also provide what they need. Adapt vocabulary and absorb what you have state when speaking to younger pupils to check on their understanding. Children are social learners and learn by copying other people, so any adults working with t hem should model good communication, both speaking and listening, so that children will learn from them. Children need to know that they are being listened to and heard. This helps them to build up a rapport and trust with adults and promotes better relationships.The more you learn how to listen to children, the better you will be able to assess their abilities and interests and plan for their next steps in learning and development. You will also get to know them well and then you can support their emotional needs by being in tune with them. The better and sooner children learn to communicate, the more easily they will form friendships and their confidence and self-esteem will increase.3.1. Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development. younger than 2 years Vocabulary is limited. Communicating mainly through body language and by reading facial expressions.23 years first to copy adults, learning more words and gaining confidence. 34 years Starting to string words together and may be using questions.For children senile 2-4 years, once they have a few words, adults can help them by showing an interest in what they are saying. Adults can listen to what children say and repeat it. Sometimes they might repeat it so that children can hear the phrase correctly. This helps children learn without knowing it. This is better than telling children that they have said it wrong. Adults can also help a childs communication by exposing new words to them.48 years Using language to build relationships. ontogeny reading and writing skills.816 years Developing discussion and negotiation skills. More confident and using more complex language.Adults Can communicate using complex language. Able to use verbal and non-verbal communication.3.2. Describe the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people.When communicating with children, we need to be very cle ar in what we say. They need to be very clear on what we expect of them, so that they learn to communicate well themselves. We need to try not to use complicated language or give them long lists of instructions, they will only make what we are saying more difficult to take in.3.3. disclose examples of communication difficulties that may exist.You should adapt the way in which you communicate according to their needs. They may have a speech impediment for example and may battle with words. Allow them to take their time and do not fill words in for them or guess what they are going to say as this will cause them more distress. Sign language may need to be used for a child with hearing difficulties and extra training may be needed. Different ideas People may interpret things differently and have a different concept of what everyone should be doing. Poor communication Not passing on information and failing to agree as a team can cause problems within school. Different personalities Everyone is different and sometimes, despite the best efforts, certain individuals merely cannot get along. Cultural differences May communicate in a different way. For example, in some cultures eye contact in not encouraged.3.4 .Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs.How we communicate to one another depends on several things, the age of the person we are speaking to, the context of the conversation and the communication needs of the individual. This applies to both children and adults. We frequently adapt the way we communicate to someone without realising it. If speaking to someone with a hearing impediment, we make sure to speak clearly. Some families may speak another language as their main one and may need a translator.3.5. Describe how to deal with disagreements betweenthe practitioner and children and young peopleDisagreements with children need to be managed carefully and if necessary, seek advice. If a pupil is arguing with you, you sh ould tell them that you are not going to discuss anything with them until you have both taken time out.the practitioner and other adultsAny conflicts with other adults need to be resolved as soon as possible and you will need to show sensitivity. The longer a problem goes on for, the harder and more difficult it will be to put right. Sometimes getting another adult to mediate. It is unattainable to work effectively if the atmosphere is tensed.4. Know about the current legislation, policies and procedures for confidentiality and sharing information, including data protection.4.1. Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the manifestation of information.Data Protection Act (1998) Legislation that ensures pupils personal information is locked away or password-protected if stored on computers.Every Child Matters This green paper stresses the Importance of more integrated services and sharing of information between professional s.Confidentiality Safeguarding all pupil information and ensuring that the people you are sharing information with are authorised to absorb it.Disclosing information When information has to be shared with outside agencies, for example, when neglect or abuse is suspected.4.2. Describe the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of this.As a learning support practitioner, you will come into regular contact with confidential information. You may need to reassure parents and other adults that the information that you are authorised to know will be kept confidential. Pupil records that hold their personal information, date of birth, home address and medical details are important for you to have access to in an emergency, but they must remain locked away otherwise. You may need to know other information about the pupil, such as their current assessment level or if they have any special educational needs. Thi s information must remain confidential and can only be shared between authorised staff members.4.3. Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached.If you receive information, for example, if someone confides in you, it is important to remember that there are some situations in which you need to tell others. An example is if you are told of child abuse or another situation in which the child is at risk. At all times though it is important to tell the individual that if they give you information that you cannot keep to yourself, that you will not be able to keep it confidential

Essay About Multitasking

Multitasking the competency to do several different affaires at once Nowadays, batch select to divide people in two groups people who masters to multitask, and those who cant. Almost everyone place themselves in the former group, there afterwards they put the rest of the people in the latter. But of course most people are lying. I person eithery take advantage of multitasking daily to a certain extent, yes, practically all the time in a certain level. And my perception of multitasking is the resembling as http//www. google. no/ s perception on what multitasking is its simply to have the ability to do several different things at once.But something that should be mentioned here is that no one can really multitask. Its when we think were multitasking were only jumping from one thing to a nonher. This way of doing things is addictive and can of course eventually cause us difficulties among our ability to boil down. With other word it is physically impossible for a human to do two things at the same time. Then, I dont mean that it is comp permitely impossible to do two things at the same time much(prenominal) as talking while walking, or smiling while dancing.No, I mean that it is impossible to multitask to do two things at the same time as long as the two things that should be done at the same time, requires a lot of concentration and attention to be done correct. I pass judgment you yourself are able to distinguish between which tasks that requires a lot of concentration, and which requires less. Whether youre driving a car while talking on the phone, or if you write e-mails during meetings, it is not true that you do both at once its impossible. Unlike the other examples Ive already mentioned.What you actually do when youre doing the concentration demanding-tasks is to focus on the first one and then the other, a so-called switch-tasking. Because if youre doing two concentration demanding things at once , of course your concentration is divided betwe en to tasks at the same time therefore the result of your actions wont be as good as they couldve been if the tasks were done separately and thoroughly. Its been proven time after time over the last years multitasking is something only computers can do.What we humans do, when we think that were multitasking, is to jump from doing one thing to another, as mentioned earlier. But let us not forget that theres one more group those who need to multitask. Id most probably put myself in that group the group of people who cant concentrate and focus on one specific thing unless she or he is doing at least one more thing at the exact same time. Now, you may call it ADHD, while I would rather call it being efficient.Of course theres possible to listen to music while youre doing your homework to exclude the other actions around you, and to increase your concentration, like I personally do. But also here, the perceptions are different. Some people find auditory sense music while doing homew ork as disturbing. I think that the perception and the results of multitasking are different from person to person, depending on whom the person concerned is and what tasks there is to be done. A day should absolutely have more hours so all tasks on the to-do-list couldve been doneBut that isnt something we can change so I think that the only thing we can do is to make the best out of it and remember to relax now and then. Sources http//m. theglobeandmail. com/report-on- moving in/careers/careers-leadership/the-lunch/eileen-mercier-its-all-about-multitasking/article2021801/? service=mobile http//www. klikk. no/kvinneguiden/helse/article761396. ece http//www. universityessays. com/example-essays/business/the-ethics-of-multitasking. php http//www. webopedia. com/TERM/M/multitasking. html http//www. tinbergen. nl/discussionpapers/11044. pdf

Development of Architecture during the Industrial Revolution

IntroductionThe industrial vicissitude is one of the Great alterations in valet de chambre history. It starts in the center of 18 century in Britain and go oning until now.Before the diversity, there were no metropoliss merely sm alone towns. To acquire from one small town to other people used galloping Equus caballus, which was the chief and fastest transit of that do. For bulk of people the agribusiness was dominant. When industrial revolution Begins, agribusiness and hand-made been stopped.Thingss that describes the tip of Industrial revolution are innovations of steam engine, coal anhttps//phdessay.com/positive-and-negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution/d Fe. Everything is changed when James Watt created a steam engine in 1769. Invention of steam engine provided Britain with an industrial power. Factories, cloths and railwaies could be anyplace.( Louis Auguste Blanqui, historical channel.com.au ) .Invention of Fe by Derby Family could non go on without steam engine. Smelting of Fe by wood coal was expensive procedure. Abraham Derby discovered, that or else of utilizing coal, stub supercede it with coke. The resulted merchandise is cast Fe.Human of the Industrial Revolution , World Wide Web, hystoryworld.netBesides Fe patience, there was a development of textile production, because fabric is the basic demands. Food and cotton merchandises were light and easier to transport to different metropoliss. Location of Britain was good for H2O playances. We know, that Britain is non from sea from any parts. This was the thing that patch ups the transit of goods easier. . there was already bing of webs of canals. Human of the Industrial Revolution , World Wide Web, hystoryworld.netDuring this clip changes the production of goods. Now alternatively of utilizing hand-made merchandises, machines started replacing people. For illustration in cloths and industries, machine could replace 5-6 people. This is chief disadvantage of the Industrial Revolutio n, when authorities starts discontinuing unneeded workers.Inventions of Industrial revolution period influenced to the economic transcription growing. It is creative activity of different machine tools, utilizing of urge on in industry.Industrial revolution changed everything and including architecture every sharpness good. Industrial revolution truly affected on architecture. There was no demand of assure architecture any longer. Peoples started design much(prenominal) than industrial type, which is more utile instead than Gothic constructions. Beautiful Gothic edifices were designed to affect people. In that period some people was already on industrial side, started planing simple drawion. At the same clip some people went back to the old architectural style and brought them back. Therefore there were motions as Gothic resurgence and Art Nouveau. When people started planing with industrial head they had many pick of design their house. (The importance of Industrial Revol ution in Archietcture ) . (hypertext transfer protocol //www.fablablima.com)Producing of Fe influenced on architecture. One of slap-up illustrations of architecture of industrial period is Crystal castle by Joseph Paxton ( 1850-1851 ) . Joseph Paxton studied and experience Fe and glass over, about of fall ining these constituents together to plan a big edifice.BodyThe motion of Gothic modal value architecture was non accidently. Those motions were against industrial revolution. They wanted to convey back the traditional port of architecture. The Crystal castle in comparison to Gothic Revival and humanistic disciplines and trade motions in architecture is new port of design of that clip. Gothic resurgence is architectural motion, which was based in England. Its been a remake of traditional edifice manner of Middle Ages . Gothic manner edifices are really heavy and cosmetic. Structure made of rock and brick. Art Nouveau motion has same characteristics as Gothic motion, such(pren ominal) as symmetrical forms and signifiers, custom of arches and heavy structural system.( Jackie Craven, Art Noveau Architecture. architecture.about.com )The Crystal castle is on of the Great edifices of Industrial period, which roleplay new way in architecture. One of edifice that represent revolutionized architecture. When architecture moved from traditional manner to the new measure. This construction is illustration of how people started sing different types of stuffs, alternatively of building the edifices by masonry and rock and exploit the indoor infinites. It is a design of lightweight and low-priced edifices. This was the measure when architecture of industrial period marked the beginning of new sort of architecture. It plays a full-size function in a history of architecture.The Crystal castling was a glass and dramatis personae Fe construction. The construction was built in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1850 the commission were traveling to take a des ign for the construction, which will exhibit the latest engineering and invention from around the universe Great Exhibition of the plants of industry of all Nations . The commission demands wasEconomy and maximising the exhibition infiniteSpaces for circulationSpaces for response, categorization and arrangement of goods.Position from the inside.In three hebdomads commission received more 250 plants from Australia, Belgium, Netherlands, Hanover, Hamburg, France. however the commission rejected all the plants. Largely all the work was brick and masonry structural designs. But there was Fe and glass design by Hector Horeau. The commission rejected it every bit good, because of the cost of the undertaking. ( The Crystal castle, p12 )already known designer and nurseryman Joseph Paxton presented his thought and construct to the commission. Before Joseph already had an experience with combination of dramatis personae Fe, glass and laminated wood in his Chatsworthhouse edifice, which was made of glass. The larges glass house of that period. He experienced the thought Ridge and- furrow crown system in Charsworthhouse, subsequently he apllied this system in Crystal Palaces design.Josephs design was based on faculty with the sizes 10inch x 49 inches, which is size of larges glass available that clip. The construction consisted of right-angled trigons, which were supported by Fe beams and pillars. The length of right-angled trigons was for 564 m. These basic constituents of the construction were light, strong and easy to construct. After Joseph submitted his drawings and computations, the commission approved the low cost design.The construct of ridge-and- capital house was lily flowers. Paxtons repute as nurseryman was high, he wanted to lily bloom to be grown in England. He takes attention of flowers. Later it became a construct for the roof system in Crystal Palace. In building of the glass house, there was an issue with ridge-and furrow roof. Glass construction req uired more light, but because of structural members of roof ( trusses, purlins ) edifice does non acquire forenoon and eventide beams. To avoid this production line he created the methods of glass roofing, which calls ridge and furrow . The rule and constructs of the roof was to acquire forenoon and eventide telescopic radiation without any limitation. Therefore the spectacless were placed in specific place. He tested this thought in his chiliad house . After it was applied to the Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal castle, p29 )The roof of transept is semicircular from exterior. In building of this roof the support was made arched lumbers. Columns supported on each arched lumber. The transept roof besides following the construct of ridge-and-furrow roof. It was constructed in a level mode, but following the form of arched lumber. The scope of the arches had louvered framed opening which allow inactive airing for the edifice.Hollow columns of the construction support the roof. The roof itself looks level. It has ridges and furrows, because of rise and autumn of them is little, roof looks level. Truss span of the roof 24 pess from each other and this spanning were supported by light beams or balks. These balks call Paxtons gutter , because he created the system of utilizing the balk as a trough. The advantages are when it rain downs, H2O running from the surface of the roof to Paxtons gutter . From there H2O goes to the chief trough, which is connected to the hollow columns and passes down to drainage. ( The Crystal Palace, p.36 )But later on roofing system gets a job, because of non handiness of good quality building stuffs. On of the disadvantages was leaking largely from all of the portion of the large edifice. This job could non be solved.In footings of maximising the infinite dramatis personae columns had advantages compare to masonry columns of traditional architecture, because it could transport the same burden as masonry columns. Cast Columns much slimmer than masonry columns and can supply more unfastened indoor infinite. When the bottleneck was complete the interior exhibition infinite was tremendous. Because there were no solid protects, merely the slender columns back uping the ego weight.On of the of import advantage of the structural frame plants, that cast Fe was low in monetary value comparison to traditional carven rock. The columns of the Crystal Palace consist of reservoir, where the all the drain H2O collects from the roof. This drain H2O is useable in state of affairs of fire or for agribusiness. ( The Crystal Palace, p18 ) .The great superlative of the edifice was divided into 3 narratives. Where are the dramatis personae Fe columns in each narratives have different tallness. In lower floor columns tallness is 19 pess and for outgrowth and 2nd floor is 17 pess. Between the columns the girders have same deepness and sizes. They look similar and give an feeling of fretwork. Therefore building does non look heavy.This demoing how great strength may be combined with elegance and lightness( The Crystal Palace, p35-36 ) .Joseph Paxton designed his Victorian house in such a manner, so the edifice retains wet and gets bright natural lighting every season of the twelvemonth. But the mechanical and natural merchandises, which were in the edifice, were destroyed because of wet. After this experiment with Victorian place , it was experience for him to make new design to avoid those issues for Crystal Palace. ( The Crystal Palace, p 32 ) .An of import advantage in building of Crystal Palace takes machinery. Paxton used different types of cut machines ( Punching machine, Iron boring machine, Adzing and be aftering machine ) . Al the machines powered by steam engine. Painting machine reservoir make fulling with the pigment, so it runs on surface of the frame. It constructed in a manner so unneeded portion could be cleaned. One of the machines he used for framed wall. The frames creation cut in machinery wi th the precisely same dimensions, after this glass was put into the frame. The glass sashes been designed in manner so in summer can be removed. Since the work is done by machine, people did non worry that portion might non fit with each other. ( The Crystal Palace, p51 ) In pre-industrialized period constructing been by human trades without machines. Therefore it is harder and building takes long clip to be correct. The society of Art awarded Paxtons sash-bar machines in 1841 with decoration. These types sash-bar machines started utilizing in other portion of the state. In present clip sash-bar design was taken from Paxtons machine.The large challenge of The Crystal Palace was to keep the normal temperature indoors. Because the map was exhibition, there would be 1000s of people. Heat bring forthing by people and the heat coming from exterior was the chief issue. Already in that clip Joseph Paxton smartly designed the external shading devices. Direct Sun visible radiation does non acquire, visible radiation is filtered and it becomes really soft. Another manner of solution of heat transportation was to do airing system. He designed airing system for wall and flooring. Puting prefabricated lovers on the wall provides hot air flight. For shocking system board were placed 1 cm apart from each other. It was smartly designed inactive design. Air could go indoors. ( Wikipedia ) . This is the 1 of the great illustration when people started accept of climatic response. Design the infinite, which will smartly work, instead than planing it for ornament.In footings of spatial planning, Paxton provided recreations infinites for people during the exhibition. There are infinites with unfastened tribunals and trees. There was no necessity of doing solid enclosures, so the construction does non lose the elation. The trees of the north entryway were besides for refreshment target. Spaces were enclosed by sash-glazed dividers about similar as exterior glass panels. Suites of the edifice was designed that can acquire more natural lighting and airing. Partitions that go bad the suites give the edifice really light consequence. ( The Crystal castle, p.36 )In 1936 on 30ThursdayNovember Crystal Palace was set on fire. In one hr the edifice was destroyed. North Transept was burned. Government non insured to cover the rebuilding. Because the cost was about 2 million lbs. That clip Welby Pugin laminitis of Gothic Architecture called this edifice Glass freak . He told Paxton You had better maintain to constructing green houses, and I will maintain mu churches and cathedrals . Many other designers started criticizesCrystal Palace. Many books and articles was written after the destruction. Thomas Carlyle called it Big glass soup buble . But in these missive yearss Crystal Palace benn called Proto Modern Architecture and became a case in point for many edifices such as commercial edifices in Europe and America. Crystal Palace became a symbol of industrial revolu tion, strength and economic- industrial power of England that clip. (Manpret Singh, The destruction Of Crystal Palace 1926-1941 .www.digital.lib.umb.edu.com)DecisionThe chief thought of this essay was to demo the effectivity of industrialised methods of building of Crystal Palace in resistance to Gothic resurgence manner and Art Noveau, which represents traditional architecture. The chief points areThe chief difference is that Crystal Palace represents new manners of design, where edifices do non hold to be so heavy. The intent is economical usage of infinite. For illustration slender columns allow holding large indoor infinite comparison to masonry columns.Using of different types of machines. Building can be completed in short period of clip.Low cost and handiness of dramatis personae Fe.Smart designed construction in response to climatic facets. As was already mentioned above, Paxtons trough system, which collects the rain H2O in specific reservoir. Drain H2O is useable in instan ce of fire or for agribusiness.Less utilizing of unreal lighting, because of glass stuff.Passive airing design. Louvered wall system and flooring system, where the blocks spacing is 1 cm. , which allows the infinite, breathe.The Crystal Palace was the great illustration of new manner of architecture. It was a measure onward from the traditional architecture. The structural system of Crystal Palace we can still utilize in our clip. It was a case in point for future edifices. Already experient dramatis personae Fe and glass. After the destruction, people know how to avoid those jobs. Test it and do it work better, but the chief construct is based on Crystal Palace skeletal system. Therefore nowadays we have improved skeletal constructions.My sentiment is that this type of architecture is more utile, comparison to traditional. In footings of infinites, how could it be better and light by utilizing the different types of stuffs? But at the same clip it can transport the similar burden .It was the clip when people started believing of different design, forms and signifier. When people started believing of low cost constructions and sing of different stuffs except brick and rock. When people started believing of chances prosecuting with environing and climate facets of those sorts of constructions. Which is did non be for traditional type of architecture. Gothic and humanistic disciplines and trades edifices are more concentrating to demo the importance of it. Even the ornaments, which are non utile.There might be disadvantages of Industrial Revolution, but the chief advantage is measure for the hereafter with industrial head.

Linking benefit and pay and to competitive advantage

For companies to be able to give their best and produce high quality goods and go they mystify pick out to nurture a work force which is of high productive, their productivity is virtuallyly based on more or lesswhat few aspect much(prenominal)(prenominal) a pay and derive and agonistical advantages. As companies/firm lawsuit still competition to control the market well-nigh management of these companies be coming up with ideas to beguile their employee and accommodate them in their firm. All firms require these three things. Some have attractive benefits others are reassessing their offers some package are fund education, elderly safeguard , health flush for employee family, offer transport for their employee, honour the most productive employee and providing ho parts for their employees.Fund educationSome companies encourage their employee to further their studies and climb up the hunt in the corporation. This is d single in regulate to increase employee exper ience in what he/she handle in the high society. Its besides done in order to increase the productiveness of a employee.Elderly wangleAs most companies face stiff competition service and good, some firms are starting a package to cater for their employee who have since retired and are in their late ages. This is done in order for an employee to be bale to concentrate on his duties and give their best in that association. Company which offer these services tends mostly to out d other s who do not have such kind of services in their operation.Health care for their immediate familyWhere an employee is required to leave his stance of work and go to take his immediate member of family to a hospital, some companies are cutting this wastage of time by introducing health care services to their employee not only saves time the service will also save the employee money as he/she does not need to spend anything in the hospital as his familiarity will specify the bills.Offer transport f or their employeeFirm will buy buses which are employ to ferry their employee from their residence to their place of work this is done in order to be bale to save to time which they could have used to go and look for other means of transport and indeed reporting to work late or already exhausted and thus been unable to produce more for the keep company. In some firm any employee is dropped at his/her door and thus save companies and also employee time.Rewarding the most productive employeeIn most firms an employee who produces more in the firm is mostly rewarded by the management this is done in such international that the productiveness of employee is perused, where by a firm exit a enquirer where each employee fills the questioner with the focus of the management.Providing houses to employeeIn area where the employee comes from a far distance the firm provide houses for their employee where the employer do not compliments their employee to waste time they are provided wi th a house where they resides together with their family. Its also done in order for a company to be able to know that their employees are safe.ResultsCompanies which have the above expound services to their employee tend to have high production and do wear than other who does not have any benefit /competitive advantage.Messer. M (2006) Benefits Gian a competitive edge with offerings employers want strategic finance 88.no5, 8, and 10Competition for experienced accounting and finance professional increase organization are expression for ways to give themselves an edge way top help, a worker achieve a better work life balance this is by making the worker comfortableness in his work and also in his life among the benefits is over time work and companies that offer facilities such as health care or similar effort demonstrate commitment to personal to their employees.They use various ways such as sharpening the skills of the employee,Sharpening of skillThis is done by the company send ing employee to school to increase their skill in the company. This effect is felt by the company in their production. Incase where an employee is kept comfortable by the company he tends to produce more in turn of return. A company input foot gibe the employee out put this is determined oh how committed is the company to its employees. Company and employee vary widely. In order for a company to perform powerfully its must know who to hire, book nature and develop its employees.The trouble is the employee effective studies show that the best and the academically brightest are more potential to leave a firm. This is the best are mostly not comfortable either by the working condition or the workers pay and benefits and thus they are poached by other companies which have better conditio0n and benefits. A company may use the benefits to increase its employee morale and retaining and attracting employees it can also use benefits to keep employee attitude and increase their performanc e. Such benefit includes career growth or a mentor in a firm.Career growthThis is whereby the company can take its employee to school in order for them to acquire new skill for the company. This makes the employee to feel that the company owns them and thus give all the best to the company. What is important in any company is the employee and their status a important factor any company to keep its clients and its business knowing its attached into it .its capability to recruit, retain and develop its employees.In most countries in the third world legion(predicate) workforces will join many companies with a view of giving their best into the company will be determined by company interest in authorityening and restructuring the employee profession. Those different employees will look different in most companies, some will be challenged by the rumination given by the company and advance their career with the aim of crimping the ladder and also for a better pay. Some will not work wi th the referenced company for long due to been unable to adapt to the company, other will go to better paying companies, provide better working condition have good package.Many employee do not take a company as a place to work for over five years they gauge their deviate on some aspect its understood that many employee in the country are more likely to leave seeking better working condition and other rumination.In some companies they have positive ways of tapping the promising employee by promoting him over the ladder, they also encourage them to go to school and advance their career in order for them to climb the ladder of promotion and get better pay thus advance them to work with the said company. Companies should at least look into employees policies under which they work.Schwartz B,R,Wurtzel J, Olson L attracting and retaining teachers organization for a frugal cooperation and development. The OECD Observer no261.27-28In each and every company all workers rigorous requires some readiness. In order for them to be able to produce for the company this means they have to asses the work of the company what is expected of them and their aims/goals. macrocosmFor example some company creates a week in the company calendar for rigorous learn and also introduction. This enables the employee to be able to produce what is expected of him. It also expects to minimize time loss in the company. To develop a company to be able to produce more and have effective employees a company is supposed to match the productiveness of an employee. In some company they provide a questioner which every new and old employee fills, it offer each week this is aimed at direct correspondence mingled with the directors and employee. In order one to known the weakness and strong ness of an employee. Its coordinated in such a way that the directors reads the questionnaire and when they note there is laxness in one employee a special group is there to assist him.Some firm share worksho p with other firm this is to ensure that an employee can learn from the other employee of another firm other organization organize for departmental workshop this sharpens an employee and also he /she get to understand what he does not understand . This is aimed at putting them with the high playing employee and low performing employee to effective knowledge.One common thing is that good employee is an advantage to the company in which a company can be able to produce more and employee can learn from one another. Supporting and retaining employees makes them feel that they are part of that company thus they work with all their strength knowing that they will be in that company for a long period. In each and every form when making a policies one should address pay and potential for company /sector growth.In many countries most in third world country worker5 policies are becoming a atomic number 42 tough to the worker and many people are resulting for self- employment a company shoul d come up with way to reward the employee i.e. by paying more for one who produce more. This is linking pay and benefit to competitive advantage.T. H Koen,Wang C,J.2005 Benefits offer an advantage a firm productivity ?an empirical examination personnel critical review 34no4.,393,512SummaryThis is explaining or suggesting that employee benefits have a moderate effect on firm productivity, disregarding of industry or firm size.

Turkish Government Memorandum Regarding

TO Osman Gunes, Deputy Minister of the Interior, governing body of flop FROM Tolgahan P? narsayha, Political Advisor to the judicature of Turkey DATE 10/3/2012 eccentric Addressing the Syrian Refugee Crisis Summary The Turkish government has spent over $300 million providing for refugees fleeing the conflict in Syria 1. As a neighboring country with important links to Syria through culture and religion on board being a democratic country that recognizes worldwide laws regarding refugees, Turkey has an obligation to continue to admit civilians from Syria into its grey provinces.By analyzing Turkeys political ideals, its adherence to world(prenominal) laws and its ties to Syria and the Islamic world, I emphasize the Governments duty towards addressing the refugee crisis above any other related issue (as will be further discussed) in this report. Problems associated with the Governments Allocation of Resources Important issues that may have a bearing on Turkeys provision of ade quate resources to refugees include its support for the Syrian rebels lack of international action in Syria and lack of international assistance to Turkey in providing aid and accommodation to refugees 1.These issues may need to be addressed before the Government stooge completely fulfill its duty towards the safeguarding of innocent civilians. Turkeys Responsibility as a Regional Power The throttle between Turkey and Syria stretches 877 km, and is for both countries the lasting land border they share with a neighbor 2. This is significant as the Turkish Government can expect to take in comparatively larger numbers of refugees with relation to Syrias other border shows. In the past Our responsibility to accept refugees at arises from the fact that both Turkey and Syria share protracted historical, cultural and religious ties.Both are members of the OIC and are Muslim countries, and in the eyes of the Islamic world, Turkey has an self-regulating duty to house fellow Muslims flee ing from the violence. This responsibility is more than important for Turkey because it has interests in maintaining strong dealing with the predominantly Muslim Arab world by accepting refugees it is also portraying an image of solidarity with the Syrian people, and this would armed service strengthen ties with the Arab world which, in light of recent protests for freedom and democracy which have been collectively termed as the Arab Spring, is largely in support of Syrian opposition forces.International Obligations towards the Protection of Victims of Prosecution Turkey is a member of the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), tercet international agencies that determine the laws and relations that Turkish Government is bound by while it addresses the ongoing refugee crisis in the countrys southern provinces.In adherence with international law and as an upholder of Turkeys democratic and liberal i deals, the Turkish Government has a basic duty to protect and provide refuge to Syrian refugees fleeing from persecution, as stated in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Options Re-allocating resources or calling for international assistance From the outset of the war the Turkish Government has undoubtedly been in support of the rebel cause. The Government must seriously cipher the impact this may be having on its allocation of resources to accepting and suit refugees.As previously mentioned, international laws dictate that civilians fleeing persecution have a right to seek refuge in a impertinent country. Therefore the Governments main priority as a foreign state should be to funnel resources into construction adequate facilities for civilians. In direct relation to this, Turkey should also consider how its participation in the Syrian conflict will benefit the Syrian people and at the alike time how it will benefit the economy and security of Turkey. Public support for Turkeys foreign policy towards Syria is low and the public view of the Governments handling of the conflict is largely negative.While the Government stands for the freedom of Syrian people it needs to seriously re-evaluate its position it is a neighbor country and wherefore has no duty to react to the internal political situation in Syria until an international consensus can be reached. Until that point it should focus on strengthening the Turkish border, screening incoming refugees and providing facilities for them. Recommendations The refugee crisis is just one smorgasbord of the greater humanitarian catastrophe that has resulted from the Syrian uprising.Although Turkeys interests and obligations lie in protecting persecuted civilians, it must also consider wider issues regarding the conflict, including the impact of its support for Syrian opposition forces, as well as more pertinent humanitarian issues like the displacement of Syrians within Syria itself. The Government sh ould therefore continue to lobby the international community to take action in Syria more than this, it should seek assistance from international governments in building refugee camps and providing aid to civilians, in order to supplement dwindling resources.

Do i consider myself a leader or a manager?

It is said that a leader is someone who people naturally go along according to their own choice, whereas a manager must be obeyed. Leaders are people who do the right thing, and managers are people who do things right. Leaders are implored to do the right or lesson or ethical thing to do, while managers, though not necessarily immoral or unethical in their actions and decisions, are much concerned with doing things in the right port. In business sense, the right manner would be the most cost-efficient, effective, and also, most profitable. Hence, there is blurry boundary between managers and leaders. (The Difference Between direction And Leadership).How do I consider myselfa leader or a manager? I pretend I function well in both roles. To start off managers wield things moving, leaders are more dealary, looking at things differently (Miller) Author Miller reinforces the first view that managers are more focused on doing things right thereby saying that managers take care of the day-to-day grind of the operations of the organization. Leaders, on the other hand, are far-sighted, in such that they are more of visionaries, always looking towards the far rainbow.They inspire people to recognize this rainbow as a beautiful and noble vision, worth working for as a result and a process. Using this rainbow symbol, the managers do see, appreciate and recognize the rainbow as a vision worth reaching, but afterwards they get down immediately to planning, goal-setting and the whole gamut of organizing and management to start things moving. Managers place on how things are done, while leaders emphasize on what should be achieved in the long run.Meanwhile, Farr comments on how some business writers and consultants remark that leaders as more creative and valuable to an organization than managers (Farr, 1997). virtually managers are perceived to be too inclined in focusing on managing daily organizational activities, and making sure things are being done correctl y. However, some managers overlook opportunities, threats and trends, or external factors that affect the organization.As for me, looking at all these, I can say that I have tested myself on both roles. I have the vision and foresight of a leader in initiating projects, and at the same time, I am able to look into the simplest office procedure and manage people and the daily flow of operations since I am also meticulous by nature.In the end, it is helpful to keep in mind from moment to moment that it is not so much the stressors I face as a leader or a manager but how I see them and what I do with them that determine how much they are in my control. If people can alternate the way they see, they can change the way they respond. It is not only the major turning points in our lives that require us to adapt. Every day, in functioning as a manager and a leader, I face a range of reasonably important to trivial obstacles and occurrences which I have to deal, and which may turn into a much larger job than they need to be if I lose my perspective and balance of mind.REFERENCESFarr, J. Leadership Vs. Management Do You live on the Difference? Business Leader Online. 1997. Sep Retrieved Oct. 13, 2006 atMiller, P. Whats The Difference Between Leaders and Managers? High bare Research. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2006The Difference Between Management And Leadership. University of Edinburgh School of Engineering and Electronics. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2006 at http//www.see.ed.ac.uk/gerard/MENG/ME96/Documents/Intro/leader.html

Child challenging behaviour

This would be done over a a couple of(prenominal) weeks to see if there is a reparation pattern or thing that sets this look off and to learn you know what the nouns person need to do them stop this challenging behavior. Strengths To catch out out what that something is that sets off the behavior, and to find ship canal Of dealing with it. TO understand the needs Of the schoolboyish person and put into place the right gage and get the right specialized professional involved and en authoritative that they live on together to create a plan so that the newborn person behavior develops in a short time as possible.To use good strategies to check into that the behavior is improved and if the small person is being Hellenizing make certain that there is somebody to overhaul the person working with the one-year-old person that they excite support to dish them and that he gets the right punishments and rewards put into place to make the behavior change. To also en accepted th e professional work together and follow the rules, guidelines and put a care plan into place that all professionals working with the young person are followed. Weaknesses- The young person power not take a crap a pattern of when the pioneer sets off the behavior.The young person whitethorn not feel able to talk to anybody so professionals cant submit the right purport and care to help make the young persons behavior improve. Approach to the behavior employ would be cognitive behavior therapy as it helps to change the way you think, behave and deal with the behavior. It will help the young person look at the negative behavior, the regular patterns that set the behavior off and ways that you can flood out this bad behavior. This could be the way to talk about how the person thinks about themselves, the origination and other people and how what you do effect your thoughts and feelings.It helps you learn skills for the rest of your life to cope and deal with unenviable situations that you may have be in and may be in again. Cognitive behavior therapy helps to overcome their difficulties through changing their thinking, behavior, and unrestrained responses. Its to try and help a person think more positively however its not just to make them think positively its to help them to change the behavior to help them improve how they feel. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CB) can help you make sense of overwhelming problems by breakage them down into smaller parts. NASH. ELK) people who can benefit from this are people with anxiety and panic disorder, depression, phobias (including agoraphobia and companionable phobia), suspicious thoughts, stress, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, psychosis, anger issues, low self take to be and pain and fatigue. (Craven clinic, 201 2) Strengths- This therapy can help the young person let out there feelings and what is going on in their head but mostly to change how they feel to make them become more positive.To ensure the young person has somebody to turn to and trust as if he is challenging he may feel everybody is against him and to make sure the young person understands what they have done wrong. Weaknesses- The young person might not attend the sessions as he might not want any help so finding other options to support the young persons wishes to help him and his behavior change. Evaluating the problems and turning to different methods of approaching the young persons behavior such as providing active support for the young person, ensuring partnership working or even off behavior modifications programs.Methods of intervention used would be applying music. The young person has ADD and has to take a medication called Rattail, this helps calm them down as the chemicals in this drug effect there brain and the way they think. The young person must be monitored On a regular basis to ensure the medication is service and if it is not the must as sess the situation incase they need a higher dose. Strategies must be put into place to ensure the young person has the right help and support to make sure the young person can try and change their behavior to come appropriate.People with ADD can have poor organization skills, trouble to start and finish things, frequent forgetting things such as appointments, frequent interruptions of others, have poor self control, blurt out things that are rude and inappropriate, have addictive tendencies egg tapping on the table which distracts others, have trouble behaving in socially appropriate ways egg such as talking to someone when a teacher is talking to them. These could be improved if the young person has a support proletarian to be with them to tell them whats right and wrong so they know.They also have emotional difficulties such as sense of under achievement, trouble staying motivated, dont deal well with frustration, easily stressed out, irritable, dozens of mood swings, hypersens itivity to criticism, short temper and low self esteem this could also be overcome by a councilor or somebody they trust that they can talk to. (Help guide, 2012) Strengths The medication can control the young persons behavior to a certain point, ensuring they have the right support put in place aid them get through all the emotions and feelings they may encounter.To ensure the young person has a dedicated worker to talk to about any concerns or worries that they may have. Weaknesses if the medication does not work then his behavior could maintain at an inappropriate level. The young person would have to be assessed on a regular basis to see how the medication helps and if there is no progress in the behavior assessing if the doctor needs to give the young person a higher dose of the medication and to also make sure the medication doesnt cause any serious problems with the young persons mental, emotional and physical state of mind.

The Mount Pinatubo Case Study

good example study mount pinatubo THE MOUNT PINATUBO ERUPTION 1991 the mount pinatubo outbreak was the second largest thrill of this century and by far the largest eruption affecting a densely populated area. the eruption occurred at mount pinatubo in the philippines on june 15 1991. in march and april 1991 magma rising towards the surface from more than 30 km on a lower floor pinatubo started making sharp earthquakes and driftd depressed powerful steam explosion that opened three craters on the northwestern flank of the venthole. thousands of sm tout ensemble earthquakes occurred and many tons of bluster were also emitted by the volcano. rom june 7 to june 12 the magma reached the surface of mount pinatunbo. because of the gas pressure the magma erupted out with an amazing strength but did not cause an explosive eruption because it just formed a lava dome. on june 12 tons of gas supercharged magma reached the snarf of the volcano and erupted with the very(prenominal) fi rst proper eruption. when even more magma reached the top the volcano erupted in a cataclysmic eruption on june 15. the eruption ejected more than 5 cubic kilometers of material. the ash debase reached the height of 35 km in the sky. blanket of ash covered all the land more or less pinatubo. fine ash flew thousands of kilometers a government agency reaching also the inidian ocean. massive avalanches of hot ash rolled bulge the sides of pinatubo. the eruption removed so much material from the volcano that the volcano collapsed and from a clad period of 2. 5 km. many hazards occurred with the volcano. the eruption produced high speed avalanches of hot gas and ash ( pyroclastic flows) giant mudflows (lahars) and a cloud of volcanic ash covering hundred of miles across. early 20 millions tons of sulfur dioxide were blown in the air and were dispersed around the world causing an increase in temperature of around 0. 5 degrees. Mt ST HELENS ERUPTION mt st helens is a strata volcano lo cated in the state of washinghton, US the eruption caused many hazards and many impacts on people envirmoent and economy. the earthquake on may 18 lead to a series of eventsa 5. 1 earthquake was caused by the massive eruption the bulge of the volcano slid away, resulting in a colossal avalanche of rock and mud that filled 24 squares miles of a valley. he eruption real eased a massive cloud of ash and pumice. the effect of the eruption also include the volcano was reduced of 1300 feet, ash fell miles away from the eruption, the eruption lasted over 9 hours,. around 60 people lost their lives . over 250 square miles of land were destroyed by all the eruption hazards. unnumerable animals were killed. as in all the volcanoes the first signs of eruption were given by an increase in small earthquakes near the volcano area. this showed that the pressure inside the volcano chamber was increasing. oon lines of weakness were created by the earthquakes on the top of the mountain. earthquakes were many especially under the north flank of the volcano. in fact the first eruption was from the crown rather than from the flank. on the 27th of march this small eruption kept going. the volcano was mainly gas and ash and a small cloud of material was sent up over the cone. this stage was a Vulcanian type of eruption. but because the size of the eruption was small the ash fell down on the stain close to the summit and the main effect was simply to blacken the snow fields. he cause of these small eruptions was probably water from ice fields ending in the hot rock below and transforming perfectly into steam, throwing materials around. as the days went by a large bulge started forming across the north flank , around 2km across, separate from the central vent. it showed that the material blocking the central vent was stuck fast and that the magma was seeking a way out through the north flank. the earthquakes had weakened all the north flank more than any opposite variance of t he cone. on may 18 at 8 a. m the entire north flank of the volcano dropped down in a massive landslide of 2 cubic kilometers of rock. ow with nothing to triumph in place the magma and the gas , the gas rich magma exploded in a gigantic eruption. in fact the landslide was shattered in many parts by the explosion so that a mixture of rock fragments and gas was formed. this type of eruption was now a pelean type, and the pyroclastic flows were able to flow 250 kmh. part of this pyroclastic flow went near by spirit lake throwing out the water entirely from the lake. the blast demolished the huge dorset that lay on the north side of the volcano, leveling everything over an area of 550 square kilometers. lose to the volcano the blast of the explosion was so strong that trees were simply blown away. in total some 10 millions trees were destroyed. ash was deposited miles away and the town of yakima was covered in ash. in the following days of the eruption very sticky laval began to flow in to the new crater, building up a lava dome on the crater floor. all the snow and glaciers on the mountains were turned in to steam and they were now coming back on the build as torrential rainfall. the rain swept most of the ash in the nearby rivers , causing implosion therapy and at the same time silting them up.

Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

reasoned Aid and Advice Act 1949 - Essay ExampleAccording to JSTOR (1950),this approach has been rendered urgent by the fall in value of money, which has made the present financial limits of the Poor Persons Procedure exclusively inadequate, and the satisfactory arrangements for legal advice for the forces during the late war, have focused attention on the need for similar arrangements for civilians. (p. 81-87) effective sanction or legal help is the act of providing initial assistance and advice to any legal problem. The conceit is that the state meets the cost of the case. Legal aid and advice is an initiative designed to enable the people of England who would not unremarkably have attack to the legal operate the rare opportunity to bring a case into a court of law.According to Article 6 of Human Rights, everybody should be given a fair overt hearing while determining his obligations and civil rightfulnesss. This should be done by an impartial and strong-minded administ ration which is set up by law. The judgment should also be pronounced through the press to the public. closely important point mentioned here is that everyone is innocent until he is proven guilty. The following rights are also functional to anyone that is charged with a criminal offense the first right is that, the person should be informed on beat in a language that he can speak the type and cause of annoyance that he is accused of. The second point is that he should be given enough time to localise for his defense. Thirdly, he should be allowed to defend himself in person or through legal assistance and to be given legal assistance for liberate when he is not able to afford it. The fourth right is that, he should be allowed to examine witnesses against him. The last right in this article is that, he should have free assistance of an interpreter in times when he cannot speak a language.A report by one Rushcliffe of 1949 hinted that equal opportunity of right to representatio n in a court of law was a fundamental instrument to a just society. Rushcliffe in his 1945 report did recommend the establishment for the first time of legal aid scheme in the Legal Aid and Legal Advice Act 1949. Until 1970, legal aid was just confined to civil disputes (divorce and matrimonial problems). Lord Chancellor in 1970 called for auxiliary legal services through tribunals. The responsibility of legal aid then lay with the Law Society. In 1888, a tender system was mooted and it brought legal aid services under the control of central government, which then established the Legal Aid Board. This board, unlike the previous one, acquired a new role and responsibility. For instance, the Legal Aid Board was obligated for the financing of all state paid legal work. However still the poor could not access legal services and obtain referee and something had to be done to address their problems. In 1999, the Access to legal expert Act did pass in parliament and it made a fundament al move with respect to justice accessibility by the less fortunate in the society. The Access to Justice Act was quite prow in its proposals. It proposed immediate abolishment of the defunct Legal Aid Board and instead established an independent body the Legal Service Commission (LSC) under the Ministry of Justice and did redraw the entire mode of funding and imperative the legal aid. LSC was provided with a lot of powers to enable it